Can Fiction be Philosophy? Essay -- Literature Papers

This paper inspects the connection among reasoning and writing through an examination of cases made by Martha Nussbaum with respect to the commitment books can make to moral way of thinking. Maybe her most questionable statement is that a few books are themselves works of good way of thinking. I balance Nussbaum’s see with that of Iris Murdoch. I examine three cases which are key to Nussbaum’s position: the connection between composing style and substance; philosophy’s insufficiency in planning specialists for moral life in view of its dependence on rules; and the handiness of the ethical work occupied with by perusers of books. The assessment of these cases requires a conversation of the idea of reasoning. I find that Murdoch and Nussbaum concede to the capacity of writing to add to moral seeing, yet differ on the issue of what theory is. Hence, they differ on the subject of whether certain works of fiction are additionally works of theory. I contend that the er rand Nussbaum appoints theory is excessively expansive. Using basic and intelligent techniques, theory ought to inspect and sort moral cases. Artistic, philosophical and strict writings add to moral eduction; keeping them separate causes us value their particular commitments, just as regard their unmistakable points and strategies. In this way, I infer that Nussbaum’s consideration of specific books in theory can't be continued. In an ongoing article, Richard Posner looks at the idea, progressed by researchers in the law and writing development, that ...immersion in writing ... make[s] us better residents or better individuals. (1) The focal point of his conversation is a lot of statements, including a number made by Martha Nussbaum, concerning the good influenc... ...h draws the accompanying qualifications: writing does numerous things, reasoning does a certain something (has one point); writing is characteristic, theory is counter-regular; writing stirs feeling, theory attempts to take out passionate intrigue; writing is aberrant, reasoning is immediate; writing has no issue to explain, theory tries to comprehend a couple of specialized and conceptual issues; writing is worried about stylish structure, theory doesn't focus on formal flawlessness. Murdoch says that she sees no 'general job' of reasoning in writing (p. 242). (15) See Frank Palmer, Literature and Moral Understanding (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), part 8. (16) In thinking about what is normal for reasoning, I was helped by understanding Derrida and Wittgenstein, by Newton Garver and Seung-Chong Lee, (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1994), section 6.

Psychology can help us understand ourselves and others. Discuss with Essay

Brain research can assist us with getting ourselves as well as other people. Talk about concerning two of four primary themes. a] character, b] Intelligence, c] feelings, d] discernment - Essay Example Insight is the procedure or demonstration of knowing and ready to make some judgment about it. It is exceptionally wide which incorporate an entangled mental procedure including capacities like discernment, memory, learning, and critical thinking. Cognizance incorporates in excess of scarcely any components or procedures which all work to portray the way information is developed and furthermore how decisions of individuals are made. The components identified with these procedures are: seeing, perceiving, thinking, critical thinking, conceptualizing, learning, memory, and language (Scienceclarified, 2008). The individual’s capacity to appreciate or the cognizance capacity is essential for a logical understanding what human conduct is about. As indicated by the examinations of different specialists, mental procedures like affiliation, review procedure, and comprehension about language depend on the physical relations or cooperations of individuals with their condition, rather than the body which bolsters the brain; it is fundamentally seeing the body as an emotionally supportive network for a psyche. Subjective structures advance from recognition and activity like a product (Turing, 1950) which can run on various equipment frameworks. Human brain can control theoretical images dependent on the communications of individuals around by means of his tangible organs just as significantly planned effectors. Wilson (2002) has six different cases about cognizance: 1) perception is arranged; 2) discernment is time forced; 3) comprehension is off-stacked onto the earth; 4) the earth is a segment of the subjective framework; 5) insight is for activity; 6) a disconnected insight is body based. He further underlined that, sensorimotor capacities which advanced for activity just as discernment have been favored for the utilization of disconnected perception. In this way, it is sensible to state that, discernment depends on the elements of human body and related with the earth. Some present trials have exhibited that perceptual just as engine

Carter, Jimmy

Carter, Jimmy Carter, Jimmy (James Earl Carter, Jr.), 1924â€", 39th President of the United States (1977â€"81), b. Plains, Ga, grad. Annapolis, 1946. Carter served in the navy, where he worked with Admiral Hyman G. Rickover in developing the nuclear submarine program. Resigning his commission (1953) after his father's death, he ran his family's peanut farm, which he built into a prosperous business. In 1962 he was elected as a Democrat to the first of two terms in the Georgia Senate. He ran unsuccessfully for governor in 1966, then succeeded in 1970, replacing Lester Maddox . As governor (1971â€"75), Carter proclaimed that the time had come to end racial discrimination and formed alliances with such civil-rights leaders as Andrew Young . This focus on social justice, informed in part by his religious beliefs, remained a significant part of his subsequent political and postpolitical career. Although little known outside Georgia, Carter announced that he would run for president at the end of his gubernatorial term, and through sustained and diligent campaigning won the 1976 Democratic presidential nomination. With Minnesota Senator Walter F. Mondale as his running mate, Carter defeated incumbent President Gerald R. Ford . Carter substantially increased the responsibilities of the vice president during his administration, helping to establish modern vice presidency, which historically had been an often marginal office. But Carter never established good relations with Congress and, with Republican successes in the 1978 midterm elections, his difficulties increased. In foreign policy, Carter had some initial success. He secured congressional ratificationâ€"by a single vote after extended and rancorous debateâ€"of his two Panama Canal treaties (1977), establishing a timetable for passing control of the canal to Panama. Then, in 1979, at the presidential retreat at Camp David, Maryland, Carter personally persuaded Anwar al- Sadat of Egypt and Menachem Begin of Isra el to sign the first peace treaty between Israel and an Arab state (see Camp David accords ). Although he and Leonid Brezhnev signed the Salt II treaty (see disarmament, nuclear ), it had uncertain chances for Senate ratification, and Carter shelved the treaty in Jan., 1980, as a result of the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan (see Afghanistan War ). When the USSR refused to withdraw, Carter also initiated a trade embargo and a boycott of the 1980 Moscow Summer Olympic Games. In the last year of his administration, Carter's foreign policy was overshadowed by the Iran hostage crisis , in which Iranian students invaded the U.S. embassy in Tehran, taking 55 hostages. When attempts to negotiate their release failed, Carter authorized a military rescue mission in Apr., 1980, that failed ignominiously. Domestically, Carter had difficulties controlling inflation, which rose in each year of his administrationâ€"in part because of oil price increases after the Iranian revolution. The Federal Reserve Board's drastic remedies for curtailing inflation, undertaken under the leadership of Paul Volcker , who was appointed by Carter, led to interest rates of more than 20% by 1980. During Carter's tenure the cabinet departments of Education and Energy were established, and a general policy of government deregulation in energy and interstate transportation was pursued. Inflation and the unresolved hostage crisis put Carter in a weak position as the 1980 presidential election campaign began. He won the Democratic nomination only after a bitter challenge from Sen. Edward Kennedy . In the general election he was decisively defeated by Ronald Reagan . Since leaving office, Carter has been active in international human-rights efforts, often as an observer of first-time free elections. He has served as an international mediator in North Korea, Haiti, Bosnia, Venezuela, and elsewhere, and has worked to focus world attention on epidemics in Africa, focusing special attentio n on eradicating guinea worm disease and river blindness. He made a highly publicized trip to Cuba in May, 2002, becoming the most prominent American to visit the nation since Castro came to power. The Carter Center in Atlanta, founded in 1986, became an important arena for the discussion of international affairs. Carter also has been deeply involved with Habitat for Humanity, a nonprofit organization that helps working-class people in North America and abroad build and finance new homes. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002 for his efforts to advance peace, democracy, human rights, and economic and social development. Jimmy Carter married Rosalynn Smith in 1946; they have four children. During his term of office Carter published Why Not the Best? (1975) and A Government as Good as Its People (1977). After it, he wrote more than 25 works of poetry and nonfiction, including The Blood of Abraham (1985); Everything to Gain (1987, written with his wife Rosalynn); Turn ing Point (1992); The Hornet's Nest (2003), a novel set in the South during the Revolutionary War; Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (2006), which some criticized as one-sided and anti-Israeli; and A Call to Action (2014), a plea for women's rights. See his memoirs, Keeping Faith (1982) and An Hour before Daylight (2001) and his White House Diary (2010); biographies by J. E. Zelizer (2010) and R. Ballmer (2014); J. Wooten, Dasher: The Roots and the Rising of Jimmy Carter (1978); E. C. Hargrove, Jimmy Carter as President (1988); P. G. Bourne, Jimmy Carter (1997); D. Brinkley, The Unfinished Presidency (1998); B. Glad, An Outsider in the White House (2009); E. S. Godbold, Jr., Jimmy Rosalynn Carter: The Georgia Years, 1924â€"1974 (2010); J. B. Flippen, Jimmy Carter, the Politics of Family, and the Rise of the Religious Right (2011). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Analysis Of I Am Legend Essay - 1319 Words

We’ve studied three fictional novels throughout this course, all of them having to do with plague or epidemic. These books all fits into the genre of dystopian. One of the themes that seemed prominent throughout all three books were the roles of the female protagonist or antagonist or the male counterpart of it. In Matheson’s book, I am Legend. The protagonist is a masculine man named Robert Neville, he is the last surviving human on the planet, living with only vampires around him until he meets what presumably is another human that is a feminine character. We find out later she is the reason he meets his demise. In contrast, James’ novel The Children of Men, the female character of Julian plays a huge role in saving humanity from the health crises they are facing in their world. The role of gender plays a huge part in these two works of literature, the health of both genders in both books determine the outcome, Julian being healthy, and Neville being able to su rvive by himself, they both represent an exceptional idea of masculinity and femininity. But the meaning of gender changes because of the epidemic of crises they are facing, for Neville’s case seeing a woman for the first time in three years, or Julian being pregnant, these changes the importance of gender. Robert Neville is able to survive by himself for 3 years, creating a livable environment inside his house. He shows a great deal of masculinity throughout the whole story. He is still able to stay healthy despiteShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of I Am Legend 1262 Words   |  6 Pagesdelusion, however satisfying and reassuring.† (Carl Sagan) In â€Å"I Am Legend† the main character Robert Neville often tries to escape his reality by having delusions. These delusions are caused by Neville’s inability to fully accept his isolation and inevitable loneliness, causing his mind try and cope with the situation. The coping his mind uses is to have grandiose delusions which often can be linked to existential distress, such as isolation. I will display how Neville’s inability to accept his isolationRead MoreAnalysis of I Am Legend Essay1159 Words   |  5 PagesThe way the world is seen varies with each passing person. What is observed as good from one may be the damnin g pathway to hell for another. Many times these beliefs are instilled upon us at a very early age which can result with a twisted outlook on life that we had little to no control over. As we grow older we are than further influenced through our religion (or lack of), culture, and passed experiences. With that in mind, it is easy to see that reality can be just as interchangeable andRead MoreI Am Legend Film Analysis Essay1227 Words   |  5 Pages2008 Robert Neville is the last normal living man in the world. The all of New York City is in ruins. How long can Robert Neville survive alone with his dog in a world of vampires and how long do you think you can live in this case? The film, I Am Legend is a post-apocalyptic science fiction film directed by Francis Lawrence and starring Will Smith. It was released on December 14th, 2007. This film is actually the third adaptation of Richard Matheson’s novel of the same name from 1954. Smith playsRead MoreAn Analysis Of Richard Matherson s I Am Legend 1451 Words   |  6 Pages Throughout I Am Legend, the novel written by Richard Matherson, Robert Neville, who is believed to be the last man on Earth, shuts himself in his picturesque suburban home, where he is tortured with memories of his dead wife and daughter. He continues to eat frozen foods and listen to Schonberg and Beethoven, all while the monsters lurk in his yard, taunting him and throwing projectiles at his home. The vampires threaten Neville’s suburban bubble and peaceful nuclear family. The society under siegeRead MoreMovie Analysis : The Lepidcotor And Richard From I Am Legend2183 Words   |  9 Pages2007, pp. 29), for example Ch ristopher from The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night Time (Haddon, 2003). However there are examples of those who subvert this notion, Baxter from ‘The Lepidcotor’ (Jackson, 2005) for example and Richard from I Am Legend (Matheson, 2010) who does it for his own gain. A characters traits, attributions, motivations and desires take part in their ability to become a strong heroic figure, these character aspects will affect the journey of the narrative and story. WritersRead MoreA Hero Or A Monster?1485 Words   |  6 PagesMonster? As Noel Carroll states in his essay, The Nature of Horror, horror is one of the genres â€Å"in which ideally the emotive responses of the audience run parallel to the emotion of characters† (Carroll 52). It is also true in Matheson’s novel I Am Legend. By showing the protagonist’s tragic experience, the author deftly engenders the audience’s sympathetic emotion to the main character, which initially makes the audience believe the main character will be a hero to heal the world. However, the emergenceRead MoreAnalysis Of The Novel Dracula 1452 Words   |  6 PagesAnalysis of Dracula Although Dracula was not the first vampire novel, the effect that Bram Stoker’s creation had on the vampire genre is undisputable. At the time, it was written intellectual revelations during the 19th century had begun to change what people fear. Archaic legends like vampire stories no longer inspired terror in industrializing areas like Britain. What made Dracula widely successful was the incorporation of modern themes and anxieties with the renowned archetype of the vampireRead MoreThe Mythical Tale Of King Arthur Written By Thomas Mallory1619 Words   |  7 Pagesmystical realm or enjoy nobility and what they do behind closed doors, then read Le Morte D’Arthur. Or, if you love conflict that is between the desires of the flesh, but also desires and responsibility of being King of Britain, then you may find the legend of King Arthur just your cup of tea to read. A myth can have a number of functions for the society that believed it true, and it is true with King Arthur as well. The function that one will discuss in this paper will be that of the Metaphysical (Mystical)Read MoreTelemetry 1011124 Words   |  5 Pages[pic] Movie Family Analysis Submit by 2359 Sunday of Week 1. |Name: | |Date: | | Overview Choose a movie from the provided list. Watch the movie, focusing specifically on the family unit featured in the film. Compare and contrast the movie family’s characteristics and behaviors to the assessment criteria introduced in the class notes and readings from theRead MoreKing Arthur Analysis1337 Words   |  6 PagesMandira Panta Arthurian Literature Prof. Beth Martin Birky Fim Analysis: King Arthur December 7, 2017 King Arthur: Historically Inaccurate but Intriguing The film King Arthur (2004), as it proclaims is the â€Å"untold true story that inspired the legend†. With Clive Owen and Keira Knightley as the main characters, the trailer looked very promising. Yet, the movie was a great disappointment to many of the Arthurian legends enthusiasts. Jonathan Rosenbaum, an American film critic said â€Å"If this is history

The Demoralizing Reality of the Recpnstruction Era

The promise of freedom to all â€Å"slaves† came with the end of the Civil War. The 13th amendment, ratified on December 6, 1885 officially freed any remaining slaves. Then, the 14th amendment was ratified in the summer of 1968; it stated that â€Å"all persons born or naturalized in the United States† would be given citizenship. The 15th amendment followed and gave all men, but not women, the right to vote regardless of race. It appeared as if all freed men and women would soon be as fortunate as any white person. Unfortunately, this was an illusion. While Congress could ratify amendments, the states retained a massive amount of power and utilized this to reissue the Slave Codes as Black Codes. While all of the southern states passed Black Codes,†¦show more content†¦The newly freed men became scapegoats for the defeat of the South. The former slaves were a reminder of how much everything had changed after the war. Instead of working in the fields under whit e masters, they now competed for jobs with poor white farmers. The way that white southerners distinguished themselves from the freedmen was by the terrorism of the Klu Klux Klan (KKK). By joining the KKK a white southerner could take action backed by a large organization without fear of repercussions. At anytime the KKK could come to your door and hassle, berate, or even hang you simply because you were now free and had committed some tiny infraction. The testimony of Harriet Postle is a prime example that no freed person was safe. Her family committed no crime yet the KKK still burst down their door, and severely beat Mrs. Postle. The fact that she was around eight months pregnant didn’t deter the KKK from abusing her. Harriet Postle stated in her testimony that the KKK, â€Å"beat my head against the side of the house till I had no sense hardly left.† Now the freedmen lived in their own homes without a master, but any Klansman could come in and do what they please d. Before the Civil War black men and women had no fear of the Klan because they didn’t exist. Now the newly freed person had the Klan breathing down their back along with the inability to assemble or go where they pleased. If a freedman was lucky enough to find a job and receive a meager wage for

Hello My Name Is Andrea Free Essays

Don’t drop from six to fire-day delivery; go the other way’ (Source A). Adding new services to the postal service can increase numbers of clients and also money. Some may think the USPS will lose money but answer this question, â€Å"who would want poor mail service? † no one, that is why USPS should ass effort to improve experience for the customers. We will write a custom essay sample on Hello My Name Is Andrea or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"It seems counterintuitive to add service when you’re losing money, but people have less that in the system precisely because of spotty service†(Source A). Including finer service will increase new clients and money. Canceling delivery days on Saturdays is thought to be a good strategy to save money for the USPS. â€Å"Eliminating Saturday mail delivery would save $40 billion over a decade† (Source F). This sentence displays that improving mail services with strategic procedures will boost up financially the USPS. Mimi don’t need a full service post office every few blocks in New York, for example. Some centers could be for letters only, others for packages. That way you cut down on staff size and service required to and from each. † USPS not hiring people is a good strategy to save money while still delivering mail to its members. Great strategies will help USPS own budget while having satisfying the customers. Instead of cutting back service and losing money, USPS updating new guidelines will increase mail services. Eliminating mail on certain days will save money and at the same time deliver great service to the customer. How to cite Hello My Name Is Andrea, Papers

Swot of Hrms Industry free essay sample

As we know that HRMS is a platform that converges all the activities related to HR and Personnel management, this feature is strength to make and promote the products. * The need for HR products-especially in India and Middle East and also Africa has shot up as these countries are the least effected to economic turmoil. * HR departments now –a-days are willing to standardize and make precise decisions by using Management Information system and HRMS is the effective tool to achieve this. Therefore the industry can cash upon this trend. * Very effective marketing and sales model * Interactive user experience WEAKNESS * There can be no diversification of products, while there can only be extension of products. * HRMS is domain specific. Therefore the opportunity for this industry is limited. * The products must be user friendly. Not every user is well versant with technology. Therefore to reduce the training cost and time to understand the modules the system must be easy to use and understand. We will write a custom essay sample on Swot of Hrms Industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page * No clear product vision beyond current offering Missing BI platform capabilities OPPURTUNITY * Companies would like to have maximum output with minimal cost. Therefore HRMS market players should make frugal products with greater benefits and efficiency. * Even though there is an economic slump or downturn this scenario can be taken as an opportunity by making affordable products to the organization by understanding their need of the hour. * HR Department is an essential component of any organization. Therefore the need for HRMS is very much essential to any organization to make their work more simple and efficient. High Security * Growing Demand for HR software and cloud solutions * Growing Demand for Business Intelligence   software THREATHS * These days we keep hearing the words Slump ,Recession, Layoffs, Cost cutting, IT industry down turn etc. This may be one of the major threats to the HRMS products, that is unwillingness of the companies to adopt new products or upgrade the existing ones. * The need for HRMS products is directly related to HR industry. The trend in HR industry directly affects the HRMS industry. * Large vendors le veraging in-memory BI.

Innovating Lean Production in Portakabin

Lean production Lean production involves using less labor, space, materials and time. This leads to the reduction in the amount of resources used by an organization. It is a method of production that aims at reducing wastage and inefficiency of the production process.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Innovating Lean Production in Portakabin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It involves producing a lot of products with using minimal resources. It is the optimal use of resources to manufacture quality products. Organizations that adopt this form of production believe that any use of resources that have no value to the customer is a waste. They believe in producing high quality products that are of value to customers (Black, 2008). Lean production at Portakabin Portakabin is a multinational company which produces advanced building systems. It is a subsidiary company of shepherd group. Shepherd group is one of the bigg est family owned building industry companies in Europe. Portakabin’s main operations include manufacturing, construction and property development. The company uses lean production method to produce high quality products that are of value to customers. For instance, the company uses a quality management system. This ensures that the products manufactured are of value to customers. It produces high quality products through a process known as kaizen. This process is achieved through small regular steps. The process helps in reducing time of production hence enhancing efficiency. (Black, 2008) Just in time production is another way used by the company in the lean production. This process aims at reducing the cost of holding inventories. In Portakabin, materials are maintained at a minimum level. Stocks are only produced when they are required. This reduces the storage space, required to stock the goods, which improves efficiency. This also ensures that the working capital is used efficiently. It also helps in minimizing defects stock which improves efficiency. Just-in-time production Just in time production, is mostly used by Portakabin, in construction of new buildings. In this case, we shall focus on the development of a new Lilliput children’s centre. These centres are designed to be child focused. They are designed to meet the tough safety and care standards to protect children. Just in time production, helps the company to build these centre, in less time than using traditional methods. Multi-functional rooms are used as training rooms, kitchens and nurseries. First of all the materials used in the production of the centre is to be maintained at a minimum level.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The company will ensure that raw materials, work in progress, and finished product are at a minimum level. The materials will be delivered when requi red and this will reduce the space required to hold materials (Black, 2008). It will also ensure that working capital is used efficiently. Just in time production will also help in reducing the number of defect materials. The demand for the material, to construct a children centre will force Portakabin to build a new component of suppliers. The company will only hold materials that are needed during construction. This will reduce cost, and ensures that the materials ordered meet the need of a new Lilliput children’s centre. In this production process, the company will develop a detailed information system. This will enable the company to control the flow of the production process. This will involve recording supplies at every level of production to ensure that, the materials are available when needed. During the production process, the company ensures that there is a strong relationship with suppliers. This is because poor relationship with the suppliers will cause delay in t he delivery of materials. This delay can hold up the whole production process. Just in time production will be used to ensure that materials are available when needed by the next stage of production (Black, 2008). Impacts of using lean production in Portakabin. Lean production is used by Portakabin Company, to enhance reduction of the amount of resources used. The Company is focusing on eliminating wastes in the production process. Lean production helps the company to reduce waste, by reducing damaged products. This leads to production of products that are of high quality, and that meet the requirements of customers. Using lean production has led to several positive impacts to Portakabin Company. The process reduces the cost of constructing high building projects. The time between a customer placing an order and the product being ready is shortened, through the use of modern technologies. This leads to predictable construction, which is not affected by weather conditions. Most of Po rtakabin’s products are delivered on time and on budget as compared to the traditional construction industry. Lead production ensures that projects are constructed faster than the traditional building method (Black, 2008). The quality management systems adopted by the company ensures that products are of high quality. The lean manufacturing methods ensure that, products are of high quality at every production level. The high quality products create value for customers, hence the demand increases.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Innovating Lean Production in Portakabin specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Lean production approach enhances environmentally friendly approach in a world where resources are scarce. Ultima buildings have minimal air leakage hence excellent thermal performance. The production processes do not affect the ozone layer due to insulation materials used in the walls and roofs. The company has a policy of recycling materials, which is of substantial benefit. The lean production uses factory based construction which is safer than traditional construction sites. Portakabin Company also faces challenges in the use of lean production process. For instance, delay in delivering stocks when using just in time production system affects the next stage of production. Adapting to quality standards takes extra time that adds costs to the company operations. Lean production has enabled the company to develop advanced building projects which have attracted many customers. It has enabled the company to construct many buildings across the globe. The company has also been able to deliver high quality buildings across the world which meets customer requirement. The Portakabin lean production method encourages reduction of waste. Installation of completed modules ensures that few workers are needed on site hence creating unemployment. Finally, the lean production process has enabled Por takabin to meet the international standards. This informs the customers that the company is following the right guidelines set by awarding bodies (Black, 2008). Innovation Innovation involves the development of more effective processes, products and technologies that are accepted by the market. It is the use of a new idea. It is the exploitation of new ideas to develop a new product or service. It is a way of doing something better than it has been done. The main aim of innovation is to achieve business value through developing ideas from mind to market. It results to new business ideas and technological revolutions which lead to wealth creation. Innovation has become significant to most business organizations. In this case, the discussion is about innovation in Toyota Motor Corporation. Toyota Motor Corporation is a company based in Japan. The Company specializes in automobile and financial businesses. It is the largest vehicle manufacturer in the world. It manufactures several pro ducts such as trucks, buses, sports vehicles, minivans among others. The company’s subsidiaries also manufacture vehicles. The main competitors of Toyota Company are Chevrolet, Nissan, Daimler, Chrysler and General Motors.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Toyota Company makes automotive parts for its own use and for selling to other companies. The most common models include Land Cruiser, Corolla, Luxury Lexus and Camry. Asia accounts for almost 40% of Toyota sales (May, 2006). It is also engaged in manufacturing and selling of housings, information and communication businesses. It has 511 subsidiaries and 217 associated companies. Toyota Motor Corporation is one of the most innovate business organizations in the world (May, 2006). Innovation is one of the driving factors behind Toyota Motors Corporation. The foundation, history and operations of the company are based on the idea of creating innovative ideas and design concepts. It is one of the most profitable companies across the globe. Its market share in the automobile industry is increasing because of its effort, in delivering best innovations. The company was started in 1898 by Sakichi Toyoda; he started the first steam powered car (May, 2006). It was the first company to develo p a break through hybrid car technology in the world. Toyota motors corporation started as Automatic Loom Works. In the early 1900, s company looms were of high quality, low cost and easy to use. It implements around one million innovative ideas each year. This means that about 2500 new ideas are implemented on a daily basis. For instance, the companies developed a hybrid car in 1997 (May, 2006). The company enhances innovation through systematic pursuit of perfection in every department. For instance, the Lexus vehicles are manufactured to epitomize the form of vehicle design, performance and service satisfaction. Innovation leads to change in attitude and behavior of people. Toyota Motor Corporation has developed Toyota Prius vehicle, which is spacious and provides all the safety features. The Prius enabled Toyota to get more sales than the leading American car companies in 2007. The company envisioned the changing environment of increasing cost of gas and pollution. This led to t he development of a car which is economical and which is environmental friendly. Toyota Company is an innovative company which establishes alternative sources of energy, new technology of personal transport, and safety systems. Its vision is to create ideas and concepts to improve Toyota technology (May, 2006). The company continues to develop vehicles that prevent and minimizes the damage of an accident. It uses advanced technology to make vehicles, which are safe for everybody. It develops safe vehicles based on integrated safety management concept. For example, a pre-crash safety system that predicts a frontal collision, which helps in reducing damages. Toyota Company recognizes the fact that, as time changes transportation needs to change. It has been developing new forms of transportation, which has enhanced flexibility to personal mobility. For instance, it has developed a winglet which supports universal human mobility. Toyota design has also been developing. The concept of à ¢â‚¬Å"j-factor† creates values by synergizing various elements. This helps drivers to feel energized and dynamic. As far as environmental technology is concerned, the company has developed, from hybrids and electrical automotive to fuel cell technology. Electrical cars are compact, spacious, and of great eco-conscious (May, 2006). The fuel cell vehicle uses hydrogen for energy, which is better for the earth and the next stage in vehicle technology. Toyota Motor Corporation has developed intelligent transport systems. These systems make driving safe and more convenient. Innovation in the company aims at bridging the gap between human interaction and robots. Since 1970s, the company has been developing robots for manufacturing, to improve quality and reduce costs. It has been developing various robots to help people with a combination of caring and intelligence. The company has also been developing human assisting robots to promote harmonious relationship with people. The compan y is also known with the idea of concept cars (May, 2006). Yaris HSD concept will be crucial in Toyotas full hybrid roll out strategy in Europe. FT-EV II is a future electrical car which does not emit any gas. FT-86 II concept is driver oriented, and it is designed to help the driver enjoy driving. The development of Prius started in 1993. This was motivated by the issues of gases emissions and depleting oil resources. The new development was focused on determining, performance and features, maintain consistency with other models. The Prius concept was developed from a scratch. Toyota Motors Corporation used a system approach to innovation for the 2010 Prius. The company modified many parts of the vehicle to achieve the goal of fuel economy. The car has extensive aerodynamic features. The car is designed to reduce the drag inducing air turbulence. The car has been modified to improve the interference between the car and driver. It provides real time feedback on fuel consumption and power system activity. The car can be driven in EV-mode or the power mode. The Prius has a solar powered fan on the roof that cools the temperature. Prius development is one of the major innovations of Toyota Motors Corporation. This development has had a massive impact on the Toyota motor corporation today. Toyota is currently working on increasing the number of models in the future. The development has enabled the company to acquire recognition on groundbreaking innovation. It has also improved the company’s brand image The Company has been ranked among the top environmentally conscious business organizations in the world. Toyota motor Corporation has been ranked 4th among the most innovative companies in the world (May, 2006). References Black, J., 2008, Lean production. Chicago: Industial Press Inc. May, M., 2006, The elegant solution:Toyota’s formula for mastering innovation. New York: Free Press. This essay on Innovating Lean Production in Portakabin was written and submitted by user Rachel Curry to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

What to Do the Week Before the SAT if You Havent Prepared At All

What to Do the Week Before the SAT if You Havent Prepared At All This is it. You have exactly one week before you head to the testing center and take the SAT. You have not prepared at all before now, and you only have one week - just seven short nights - before you take the test that can help or hurt your chances of getting into the college or university you are  dying  to get into. So, what do you do the week before the SAT that can make any sort of difference in your score? Cram like a maniac? Completely forget about looking at test prep material at all because, after all, what good would it do? Reschedule your SAT? Have a panicky meltdown in the cereal aisle of Target?   Before you get any crazy ideas, take a peek at the things you  should  be doing to get yourself ready this week so you have a shot at getting a good score on test day.   Go Immediately to a Bookstore and Buy an SAT Test Prep Book Go to the store and pick up a test prep book for the SAT. Choose one from either The Princeton Review, Kaplan Test Prep or The College Board. The Princeton Review is the most readable, so Id start there. Make sure the book you buy is for the Redesigned SAT, the test that took over for the old SAT in March of 2016. There will be nothing worse than prepping for a test that no longer exists.   Go To KhanAcademy.org  and Take an SAT Practice Test The Khan Academy has partnered with The College Board, the makers of the SAT test, to provide students with free SAT practice tests to help you get ready for the exam. Ideally, you should have been using this site for the last four weeks to really hone your skills. However, there are still some things you can do on the site to get you better prepared for the test on Saturday. Before we do them, we need to know the areas in which you need the most help. So first, take a full-length practice SAT test. You will need to sign up with your Facebook or email account.   Pinpoint Your Weaknesses At this point, you must focus on the areas of the test in which youre the least proficient. That means, after you take the practice test and the Khan Academy scores it for you, write down or print out the area scores that were the lowest. Was it Math? Great. Youll be zeroing in on that. Youll need to focus on your weaknesses- and exclusively on them- most of this week.   Strengthen Your Weaknesses Since youve narrowed down the areas of primary concern, you need to start pumping them up! Again, go to the Khan Academy website, and complete the practice problems for the areas that you were the weakest, Likewise, go to your test prep book and read through the sections and complete the practice problems in those weak areas. Youre going to spend 4-5 days working on these sections to really boost them up as much as possible. Check out your Strengths   After youve really nailed down your weakest section, spend one day learning about the sections of the test where you scored the highest. Was it  reading? Or writing? Read through the test directions, the content youll need to know, and complete as many practice questions as you possible can. Write a Practice Essay If you havent already, write a timed SAT essay using one of the prompts from the test prep book. Although the essay isnt figured into your overall score and is no longer a required feature of the SAT exam, many colleges and universities still require it and may use it to assess your overall readiness for the program in which youre interested. At the very least, youll get a refresher on writing an essay in a short amount of time.   Take One More Practice Test This time, try to simulate the test-taking experience as much as possible, and take the paper practice test in the back of the book. Sit at a desk in a quiet room. Set a time-limit just like youd have on test day, and work through the problems with efficient test-taking strategies. Dont you dare cheat by getting up in the middle of the test or guzzling a soda in the middle of it, either. Its good to practice disciplining yourself to sit and focus.   Get All Your Stuff Ready The Night Before There are several things you need to do the night before the SAT. First, be sure you have your admission ticket and photo ID ready to go. Then, check for test center closings and plan out your route to the testing center. Set your clock. Get your clothes ready so youre not scrambling in the morning. Want the complete list? See it here.   Relax the Night Before At this point, youve done everything you can do to get ready for the SAT in the limited time youve provided yourself. So...relax. Go out to dinner with your family. Watch an EARLY movie and hit the sack EARLY so you can be bright and refreshed for that early morning wake-up call. You can sabotage all of the hard work youve put in by doing something silly like going out or partying the night before the SAT.

Discussion Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 94

Discussion - Assignment Example In the case of the call center, measuring the performance of the employees in terms of the received calls is erroneous. The goal and mission of the organization is to offer quality services to its customers in ensuring customers are satisfied. It follows that satisfaction cannot be measured by the number of calls received as the customer care attendant has to ensure a customer is satisfied before receiving the next call. Moreover, basing performance on the number of calls will tempt the attendants to offer wrong information to the clients before verifying the authenticity of the given responses, which would lead to customer dissatisfaction. Alternative performance measures would include counting the number of feedbacks from clients and their level of satisfaction based on every customer care. Moreover, the company may reward and acknowledge customer care attendants with the best customer relations skills. Lastly, organizations may consider the effectiveness of each call center attendant based on how best they link the service men to clients and the follow-up to determine whether the client is satisfied. The best way to gather performance data would be to request clients to give feedback anytime they are served, indicating the persons who served them. In addition, the organization may keep records of all cases handled by each employee and then determine high performing employee by the number of cases solved to customer satisfaction within a given time

Duties and responsibilities of a US sailor Essay

Duties and responsibilities of a US sailor - Essay Example No other branch of the forces can beat the fury of these sailors’ binge drinking. However, their hard work and commitment to achieve their goals is well established. Responsibilities are given to a US sailor as early as in a boot camp. He is expected to learn to stand guard watch, and be responsible of any event that occurs within his area. There are Eleven General Orders that are Sentry-shaped to give an understanding of what being a U.S sailor means, responsible for equipment worth millions of dollars and many lives. The General Orders are the guiding principles of the responsibilities of a sailor, whether he is in boot camp, on the very first sail or finishing a 30-year career (Cutler, 2005). A U.S navy sailor must be always ready to come forward and take leadership roles, as an efficient concept of accomplishing his or her most basic responsibility of defending the State. When a certain task is given to a sailor, it is upon him to see that the task is accomplished precisely, rather than assuming that some other sailor will do it. In addition, a sailor should not drift through his time while in the navy. Each one of them must pay attention to all details no matter how small the matter may be. According to their guiding principles, attention to any detail may signify the difference between failure or success of a given task, and between life and death. A sailor is not expected to play favorites or put into effect the rules without considering honesty and neutrality. Permitting some sailors to ignore other rules will bring challenges in the field. Integrity in the Navy also requires that a sailor hold on to his or her responsibility no matter what comes on his or her way. This is the reason why their regulations provide that no sailor should quit in simple tasks. With this in mind, a sailor can never give up, even when he sees a likelihood of death, while carrying on his duties. In the Navy, a team is much greater than any individual sailor is. Given

Hart, Fuller and Devlin Theories of Law and Morality

Hart, Fuller and Devlin Theories of Law and Morality Introduction This essay will explore the theories of Hart, Fuller and Devlin and consider there views on the link between law and morality. It will consider the debates mounted between Hart and Fuller and Hart and Devlin and what these debates add to our understanding to the link between law and morality. It will be argued and concluded that morality plays an important and essential role in our understanding of our legal responsibilities. It will recognise that there has been a long association between morality and law and that traditionally law has been associated with religions, customs and divinity. The Hart – Fuller Debate To understand Hart’s criticism of Fuller it is important to familiarise and understand the eight principles of the â€Å"inner morality† of the law that Fuller asserts and how in his view law and morality are intertwined. Fuller asserts that: A legal system must be base on or reveal some kind of regular tends. As such law should be founded on generalisations of conduct such as rules, rather than simply following arbitrary adjudication. Laws must be publicised so that subjects know how they are supposed to behave. Rules will not have the desired effect if it is likely that your present actions will not be judged by them in future. As such, retrospective legislation should not be abused. Laws should be comprehensible, even if it is only lawyers who understand them Laws should not be contradictory. Laws should not expect the subject to perform the impossible. Law should not change so frequently that the subject cannot orient his actions to it There should not be a significant difference between the actual administration of the law and what the written rules say These criteria are in the form of moral rules of duty. Fuller expresses them as principles or goals; generality of laws; promulgation of laws; minimising the use of retrospective laws; clarity; lack of contradiction; possibility of obedience, constancy through time; consistency between the words and practice of law[1]. Hart’s criticism of Fuller’s eight principles of â€Å"inner morality† of law must be understood. These principles, which loosely describe requirements of procedural justice, were claimed by Fuller to ensure that a legal system would satisfy the demand of morality, to the extent that a legal system which adhered to all of the principles would explain the all-important idea of â€Å"fidelity to law† In other words, such a legal system would command obedience with moral justification. Fuller’s key idea is that evil aims lack a â€Å"logic† and coherence that moral aims have. Thus, paying attention to the â€Å"coherence† of the laws ensures their morality. The argument is unfortunate because it does, of course, claim too much. Hart’s criticism is that we could, equally, have eight principles of the â€Å"inner morality† of the poisoner’s art. Or we can improvise further[2]. We can talk of the principles of the inner morality of Nazism, for example, or the principles of the inner morality of chess. Fuller’s explanation of the Nazi regime is insufficient and flawed, and we must take on Hart’s analysis. Fuller argues that the Nazi regime was so intrinsically evil that it could not be law, this it is argued, is not a sufficient conclusion. The point is that the idea of principles in themselves with the attendant explanation at a general level of what is to be achieved and consistency is insufficient to establish the moral nature of such practices. This was that there is an important sense of legal justification that claims made in the name of law are morally serious. At the least, the person who makes a genuine claim for legal justification of an immoral, Nazi-type legal system must believe that there is some moral force to his claim. Against Fuller, Hart insisted that the identification of a directive as law indicated nothing about the moral authority of that directive and thus nothing about whether that directive should be obeyed[3]. Consequently, claimed Hart, official and citizen disobedience to immoral directives would be facilitated not by pretending that such directives failed to qualify as legal just because of their perceived iniquity, but rather by internalising the fundamental positivist insight that law and morality were conceptually distinct. Because of this conceptual distinction between law and morality, Hart argued, a directives legality said nothing about its morality[4] The Hart- Devlin Debate Again, it is important at the outside to understand Devlin’s approach to law and morality, before considering Hart’s criticism of his approach. In â€Å"The Enforcement of Morals[5]† Devlin supported the view that law should not tolerate that which the reasonable man finds disgusting. Society needs a moral identity, because it is the moral values of society that make it cohere. For Devlin, even private acts of immorality can weaken the fabric of society if they are sufficiently grave. The balance that Devlin seeks to achieve is placed in the context of the political morality of contemporary society, where toleration is itself a prime moral principle. Thus there â€Å"Must be toleration of the maximum individual freedom that is consistent with the integrity of society[6]†. Devlin’s justification for the legal enforcement of morality is an extension of the harm principle to a perceived threat to society, rather than harm to other individuals. This seems quite a reasonable proposition. However this test is one that masquerades as (1) a relevant test for the principle and (2) an objective test. Devlin’s reasonable man is not asked in sociological terms what immorality is actually threatening to society. He is asked, instead, what he feels disgust at. Further he asserts that whilst the reasonable man test is employed as a way of alienating a courtroom issue from the subjective opinions of parties to a particular legal issue, it does not necessarily have the same effect in this situation. Devlin employs the term reasonable man to give the impression of objectivity. However it is a fiction to suggest that there is a reasonable man when it comes to difficult moral issues. The reasonable man of legal fiction is one who employs practical reason and due consideration when acting. However, all the practical reason and due consideration in the world will not change the preferences an prejudices that embody disgust. On the issue of homosexuality, many people intellectually feel that people’s sexual orientation is not a matter for legal intervention, but they nonetheless find homosexual acts to be repellent. The reasonable man test is thus a spurious validation for prevailing societal aesthetics, rather than a test of what society fe els to be threatening[7]. Devlin’s view should be contrasted with the view of Hart. In Law, Liberty and Morality[8], Hart recognises that there does not seem to be any real widely shared morality, and there can be no freedom if we are compelled to accept only those things that others approve of. Hart notes that there are certain constants of the human condition, which he terms the minimum content of natural law, such as the vulnerability of human beings. If we disregard these sociological facts it would be tantamount to suicide. But beyond these facts, society is faced with a choice of what rules to adopt in order to protect us from the frailties of the human condition[9]. Hart seems to assert that since the development of a society is a collective odyssey, the values that a society has adopted for its preservation and progress constitute a shared morality of sorts. This does not mean that the norms that a society has accepted and retained are ones that are logically necessary for the achievement of social preservation. However, they are instrumental in the maintenance of social cohesion. For this reason he would not accept Devlin’s analogy of deviation from moral norms with treason against society[10]. It may be that a change in morality can result in friction, but i t need not result in the collapse of society. Hart also adopts the harm principle, but denies that consent can be used as a mitigating factor. Equally, immoral acts in public may be harmful to others and, as such, open to legal censure, whereas acts in private should not be a matter for the law. His justification is that while the first is the legitimate prevention of harm, the latter is the enforcement of the societal will over the individual. Hart finds paternalism justified, but not enforce morality per se. Conclusion These theories forwarded create good arguments both for and against the inclusion of morality in law. A more complex case for the non-separation of laws and morals have been made more recently by Detmold: â€Å"Hart’s mistake†¦. Was to try to run two incompatible analyses together; the analysis of sociological statements, where existence can be separated from bindingness and thus from moral statements; and the analysis of internal normative statements, where it cannot. The Concept of Law suffers throughout from a failure to separate these things[11]† This is a true anylasis of Hart’s theories, and it was said at the introduction that it would be concluded that morality was a necessary part of the law and indeed it was important in helping society to understand its moral obligations, this is concluded. However it is difficulty to reach these conclusions, when the definition of morality is considered, it is such an abstract concept is it even possible to pin it down to a definition? It suffices to say that there is no requirement to look outside information or reason in order to find and answer to some moral dilemmas. Often moral feelings run against he grain of other people’s views and even our own reasoning. As such, morals defined in this way are capable of producing infinite disagreement, since different people’s consciences dictate different things. Considering morals in this light suggests that there is absence of universal agreement, if this is the case, how can they effect our understanding of our legal obligations? This would mean that the legal obligations of one person are not necessarily that of another person, this said it follows that what is legally wrong finds its basis somewhere and it is suggested that this base is morality. Although it should be recognised that no all laws are moral- this means that our understanding of the legal/moral argument whilst added to by the debates of Hart, Devlin and Fuller, is not concluded, and it is unlikely that it ever will be. Bibliography Journal Articles Curzon L, (1992) â€Å"Jurisprudence: The Hart-Fuller Debate† Student Law Review 1992 6 (Sum) 55-56 Hayry H, (1991) â€Å"Liberalism and Legal Moralism: The Hart-Devlin Debate and Beyond† Ratio Juris 4(2) 202-218 Schauer F, (2005) â€Å"The Social Construction of the Concept of Law: A Reply to Julia Dickinson†, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 25 (493) Books Devlin P, (1965) â€Å"The Enforcement of Morals†, Oxford University Press, Oxford Detmold M J, (1984) â€Å"The Unity of Law and Morality: A Refutation of Legal Positivism†, London: Routledge Kegan Paul Doherty M, (2003) â€Å"Jurisprudence: The Philosophy of Law†, Third Edition, Old Bailey Press Fuller L, (1969) â€Å"The Morality of Law† Yale (reprinted 2003) H L A Hart, (1963) â€Å"Law, Liberty and Morality†, Oxford University Press, Oxford Lloyd D, (2001) â€Å"Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence†, Seventh Edition, London, Sweet and Maxwell 1 Footnotes [1] See Fuller L, (1969) â€Å"The Morality of Law† Yale (reprinted 2003) [2] See Doherty M, (2003) â€Å"Jurisprudence: The Philosophy of Law†, Third Edition, Old Bailey Press [3] See further Curzon L, (1992) â€Å"Jurisprudence: The Hart-Fuller Debate† Student Law Review 1992 6 (Sum) 55-56 [4] Schauer F, (2005) â€Å"The Social Construction of the Concept of Law: A Reply to Julia Dickinson†, Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 25 (493) [5] Devlin P, (1965) â€Å"The Enforcement of Morals†, Oxford University Press, Oxford [6] See Devlin P, (1965) â€Å"The Enforcement of Morals†, Oxford University Press, Oxford [7] See See Doherty M, (2003) â€Å"Jurisprudence: The Philosophy of Law†, Third Edition, Old Bailey Press for further discussion on this point [8] H L A Hart, (1963) â€Å"Law, Liberty and Morality†, Oxford University Press, Oxford [9] Lloyd D, (2001) â€Å"Lloyd’s Introduction to Jurisprudence†, Seventh Edition, London, Sweet and Maxwell [10] For further discussion generally see Hayry H, (1991) â€Å"Liberalism and Legal Moralism: The Hart-Devlin Debate and Beyond† Ratio Juris 4(2) 202-218 [11] Detmold M J, (1984) â€Å"The Unity of Law and Morality: A Refutation of Legal Positivism†, London: Routledge Kegan Paul

The Bretton Woods System Essay -- Economics

The theme of this essay outlines two things. One, the key elements of Bretton woods system and second, the characterisation of Bretton woods system by Ruggie as ‘embedded liberalism’, and how far he succeeds in it. The Bretton woods system is widely referred to the international monetary regime, which prevailed from the end of the World War 2 until the early 1970s. After the end of the World War 2, the need of international monetary framework to boost trade and economic; growth and stability, was important. Taking its name from the site of the 1944 conference, attended by all forty-four allied nations; the Bretton Woods system consisted of four key elements. First, to make a system in which each member nation has to fix or peg his currency exchange rate against the gold or U.S. dollar, as the key currency. Secondly, the free exchange of currencies between countries at the established and fixed exchange rate; plus or minus a one-percent margin. Thirdly, to create an institutional forum, so-called International Monetary Fund (IMF), for the international co-operation on money matters: to set up, stabilize, and watch over exchange rates. Fourth, to remove all the existing exchange controls limiting (protectionism) policies by the members, on the use of its currency for international trade. In practice the first scheme, as well as its later development and final demise, were directly dependent on the preferences and policies of its most powerful member, the United States. According to John Gerard Ruggie, 1982, this Bretton woods system of monetary co-operation represented the type of liberalism which characterise â€Å"domestic social economic stability along with a liberal trading order.† He referred this system as ‘embed... ...aracterised Bretton woods system as ‘embedded liberalism’ to show how market forces were surrounded by social and political constraints. Embedded liberalism thus signifies a compromise between the excessive free international market economics and the excessive domestic protectionist policies. Ruggie embedded liberalism represented an enclosed international liberal trade within the post-war consensus of fixed exchange rates and capital controls. The fixed exchange rate helped to promote stable liberal trade by removing any future uncertainty in exchange rate movements. Whereas for domestic social and economic stability, national government would use capital controls. All these practices were the key elements of Bretton woods system and also constitute the institution of embedded liberalism. Hence, Bretton woods system can be characterised as ‘embedded liberalism’.

Jobs of the Future

Jobs of the Future In The Economist, there is an article called Into the Unknown (November 13, 2004. ) This article also appears in the book Writing and Reading Across the Curriculum. The author of Into the Unknown is unverified. In this article, the author talks about how the jobs of the future will come to change. Machines and mechanical devices are taking over the jobs of physical workers and the work force demands are ever changing. â€Å"Mechanical devices are already ousting skilled clerical workers and replacing them with operators†¦ Opportunity in the white-collar services is being steadily undetermined. –Stuart Chase, an American writer. This quote was published in his book, Men and Machines in 1929. Our concerns about manufacturing jobs heavily relates to the concerns that Stuart Chase had. As more technology is produced more jobs are being lost, although new jobs are being created. This is more prevalent with production technology. This new technology yields l ower cost and higher profits. This in turn lifts demand for new goods and services. The facts state that new jobs are being created, but there is always worry about the jobs that are to come in the future.America has a considerable amount of technology jobs to India in the past few years. On the contrary, the number of technological white-collar jobs in the U. S has risen. This goes to show how when jobs are lost, more often than not new ones are created. The boss of Wipro, Azim Premji, says â€Å"IT professionals are in short supply in America, within the next few months, we will have a labor shortage† (177. ) This can further confuse us Americans about lost jobs. Some say that about 14 million Americans (about 11% of the workforce) hold jobs that are at the risk of outsourcing (177. Some of these jobs include paralegals, legal assistants, computer professionals and computer operators. Ashok Bardhan, an economist at the University of California at Berkely, says that some of this work can be done elsewhere now. This may or may not have an effect on jobs and revenue. This of course heavily depends on supply and demand in the market of labor and the effort of the American workers to re train in different fields. Computer professionals have been noticing that certain maintenance jobs are no longer in as much demand in America.Indian programmers are willing to do this work much more cheaply. This causes companies such as IBM re train their employees in these skills. Many of these jobs face both foreign AND automated competition. As new technology surfaces, it continually causes employees to re train and even sometimes change jobs Although it may seem as if these jobs will be taken, the jobs of the future are ever changing. As jobs are eliminated, new ones emerge and this cycle will continue to happen.

Salinity Definition and Importance to Marine Life

The simplest salinity definition is that it is a measure of dissolved salts in a concentration of water. Salts in seawater include not just sodium chloride (table salt) but other elements such as calcium, magnesium, and potassium. These substances get into the ocean through complex processes including volcanic eruptions and hydrothermal vents as well as less complex ways such as the wind and rocks on land, which dissolve into sand and then salt. Key Takeaways: Defining Salinity Seawater has an average of 35 parts of dissolved salt per thousand parts of water, or 35 ppt. By comparison, tap water has a salinity level of 100 parts per million (ppm).Salinity levels can affect the movement of ocean currents. They can also affect marine life, which may need to regulate its intake of saltwater.The Dead Sea, located between Israel and Jordan, is the saltiest body of water in the world with a salinity level or 330,000 ppm, or 330 ppt, making it nearly 10 times saltier than the worlds oceans. What Salinity Is Salinity in seawater is measured in parts per thousand (ppt) or practical salinity units (psu). Normal seawater has an average of 35 parts of dissolved salt per thousand parts of water, or 35 ppt. That equates to 35 grams of dissolved salt per kilogram of seawater, or 35,000 parts per million (35,000 ppm), or 3.5% salinity, but it can range from 30,000 ppm to 50,000 ppm. By comparison, fresh water has just 100 parts of salt per million parts of water, or 100 ppm. The water supply in the United States is restricted to a salinity level of 500 ppm, and the official salt concentration limit in U.S. drinking water is 1,000 ppm, while water for irrigation in the United States is limited to 2,000 ppm, according to The Engineering Toolbox. History Throughout Earths history, geological processes, such as the weathering of rocks, have helped make the oceans salty, says NASA. Evaporation and the formation of sea ice caused the salinity of the worlds oceans to rise. These salinity rising factors were counterbalanced by the inflow of water from rivers as well as rain and snow, NASA adds. Studying the salinity of the oceans has been difficult throughout human history due to limited sampling of ocean waters by ships, buoys, and moorings, NASA explains. Still, as far back as the years 300 to 600 awareness of changes in salinity, temperature, and smell helped Polynesians explore the southern Pacific Ocean, says NASA. Much later, in the 1870s, scientists on a ship named the H.M.S. Challenger measured salinity, temperature, and water density in the worlds oceans. Since then, techniques and methods for measuring salinity have changed drastically. Why Salinity Is Important Salinity can affect the density of ocean water: Water that has higher salinity is denser and heavier and will sink underneath less saline, warmer water. This can affect the movement of ocean currents. It can also affect marine life, which may need to regulate its intake of saltwater. Seabirds can drink salt water, and they release the extra salt via the salt glands in their nasal cavities. Whales cant drink much saltwater; instead, the water they need comes from whatever is stored in their prey. They do have kidneys that can process extra salt, however. Sea otters can drink salt water because their kidneys are adapted to process the salt. Deeper ocean water may be more saline, as is ocean water in regions with a warm climate, little rainfall, and plenty of evaporation. In areas close to shore where there is more flow from rivers and streams, or in polar regions where there is melting ice, the water may be less saline. Even so, according to the U.S. Geological Survey, there is enough salt in the worlds oceans that if you removed it and spread it evenly over the Earths surface, it would create a layer about 500 feet thick. In 2011, NASA launched Aquarius, the agencys first satellite instrument designed to study the salinity of the worlds oceans and predict future climate conditions. NASA says the instrument, launched aboard Argentine spacecraft Aquarius/Satà ©lite de Aplicaciones Cientà ­ficas, measures the salinity in the surface—about the top inch—of the worlds oceans. Saltiest Bodies of Water The Mediterranean Sea has a high level of salinity because it is mostly closed off from the rest of the ocean. It also has warm temperatures that result in frequent humidity and evaporation. Once the water evaporates, the salt remains, and the cycle begins again. In 2011, the salinity of the Dead Sea, which is situated between Israel and Jordan, was measured at 34.2%, though its average salinity is 31.5%. If the salinity in a body of water changes, it can affect the waters density. The higher the saline levels, the denser the water. For example, visitors are often astonished that they can simply float on their backs, without any effort, on the surface of the Dead Sea, due to its high salinity, which creates high water density. Even cold water with high salinity, such as that found in the northern Atlantic Ocean, is denser than warm, fresh water. References Barker, Paul, and Anoosh Sarraf. (TEOS-10)Thermodynamic Equation of SeaWater 2010.Salinity and Brine. National Snow and Ice Data Center.Stout, P.K. Salt: in the Oceans and in Humans.  Rhode Island Sea Grant Fact Sheet.  U.S. Geological Survey: Why Is the Ocean Salty?