The United States Should Abolish The Death Penalty

To Keep or Not to Keep? I would like about whether or not the United States should abolish the death penalty. The United States should not abolish this because those who commit a capital felony which is punishable by imprisonment or death, should serve a capital punishment which is the death penalty. Many believe that certain crimes such as rape and murder should punishable by the death penalty. Although many also see it as inhumane, many also view murder and rape as inhumane. One can view this as part of Hammburi’s Code law that states â€Å"An eye for an eye.† Capital punishment has ben around for thousands of years; beginning even before the ancient Greeks and Romans. At that time, there were many different ways to carry out capital punishment such as, beheading, stoning and electrocution (PBS). In the United States, the first execution took place in 1608. Back then, it was not considered inhumane to implement a death sentence. Now, however, many claim that it is inhumane. Is it really inhumane though? If a serial killer was finally caught after killing many people, is it inhumane to sentence him to death row? No. It is not inhumane; what the serial killer did was inhumane. If a person murders another person and it can be proved that the suspect is one hundred percent guilty, then it should be allowed to order capital punishment. In the United States today, capital punishment is carried out by lethal injection. All of the thirty-two states who still have capital punishmentShow MoreRelatedThe United States Should Abolish The Death Penalty1020 Words   |  5 PagesRachel E. Bramble 1AC Elliot Spitzer states, â€Å"Our criminal justice system is fallible. We know it, even though we don t like to admit it. It is fallible despite the best efforts of most within it to do justice. And this fallibility is, at the end of the day, the most compelling, persuasive, and winning argument against a death penalty.† Although the Death Penalty is meant to kill the ones that have murdered, many innocent people have been executed due to the ignorance of facts during trialRead MoreThe United States Of The Death Penalty894 Words   |  4 PagesThe United States of America has been influenced by the Britain’s use of death penalty when Europeans first settled into the new world. Majority of the states still carry out executions, and there are hundreds of people that are on a death row sentence. The National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty, and Criminal Justice Legal Foundation are two opposing organizations. The NCADP is against the death penalty while the CJLF is for the death penalty. The National Coalition to Abolish the Death PenaltyRead MoreCosts Of The Death Penalty1237 Words   |  5 PagesCosts of the Death Penalty. Death Penalty Information Center. Death Penalty Information Center, n.d. Web. 11 Apr. 2016. This article evaluates studies done in states all over the U.S to show much money is spent on capital punishment. For each state, the author provides a small summary, including statistics, and then provides the link to the original article where the information derived from. Thus, giving this article authority, by citing all sources, and also accuracy because of the studiedRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of The Death Penalty915 Words   |  4 PagesThe Death Penalty is the punishment of execution to someone who legally by court of law convicted a capital crime. In the United States of America this is mainly used for aggravated murder. Additionally this means that the murder has circumstances that are severe. For instance it was planned murder, intentionall y killed below the age of 13, killed someone while serving term in prison, killed a law officer, and killed someone or illegally terminated a person’s pregnancy while in the process of committingRead MoreEssay on Why the Federal Government Must Abolish the Death Penalty1277 Words   |  6 Pagesmake just laws. Currently, US laws allow for the death penalty for certain heinous crimes. The supporters argue that the 5th Amendment, which guarantees that no one shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property, without due process of law,† implies that depriving someone of his or her life is permissible under the constitution as long as there is due process. However, there are several reasons why the federal government must abolish the death penalty - it weakens US moral authority over other nations;Read MoreAgainst The Death Penalty Essay959 Words   |  4 PagesAgainst the Death Penalty â€Å"Murder is wrong† (â€Å"Capital Punishment†). We’ve been taught this indisputable truth since childhood. The death penalty is defined as one human taking the life of another. Coincidentally, that is a classification of murder. There are as many as thirty-six states with the death penalty, and it’s essential that they change it. The United States needs the death penalty abolished because it is filled with flaws, cruel and immoral, and is an ineffective means of deterrentRead MoreThe Death Penalty : A New Symbol For Execution1700 Words   |  7 Pagessymbol for execution: the guillotine. Today the electric chair, lethal injection, and firing squad provide the same image. All symbolize death as well as the crime that the perpetrator committed. In 1793 in France, an individual met the guillotine because he or she committed treason by going against the radical ideas of Maximilien Robespierre. In the modern United States, citizens face one of the ins truments of capital punishment after they commit murder, treason, or espionage. Though the instrumentsRead More Anti Death Penalty Essay1721 Words   |  7 Pages Disasters in Death Introduction I. Roosevelt Collins, a black man in Alabama, was convicted of rape, sentenced to death, and executed in 1937. Roosevelt testified that the â€Å"victim† who was white had consented to sex, which caused a near-riot in the courtroom. The all-white jury deliberated for only FOUR minutes. Later interviews with several jurors revealed that although they believed the act was consensual, they also thought that he deserved death simply for â€Å"messin’ around† with a white womanRead MoreEssay on A Call for Change: Abolishing the Death Penalty1728 Words   |  7 Pagesenhancing humanity. One change must be capital punishment. The United States’ government must stop trying to preclude murder by committing murder and the ultimate punishment should be prison for life with no chance of parole. In 2010, 558 citizens in the state of Georgia were murdered (â€Å"Crime in United States.†), and two Georgian civilians were put to death by our government (â€Å"Execution List†). Capital punishment results in the death of an American citizen; the only difference is murder is illegalRead More The Ethics of Capital Punishment Essay1125 Words   |  5 Pagesof philosophy dealing with moral conduct, duty and judgement.[1] Capital Punishment is the death penalty for a crime.[2] The word capital in capital punishment refers to a persons head as in the past; people were often executed by severing their head from their body. Since the early 1800s, most executions have resulted from convictions for murder. The death penalty has also been imposed for such crimes as armed robbery, kidnapping, rape and treason. Some people

International Business Opportunities And Challenges In A...

Marketing products globally can be profitable and permit Smartshoes to expand our client base for an increase in sales and visibility. Exposure in global markets may facilitate branding efforts, by making the Smartshoe name or identity better known. The use of the internet, mobile phones, and satellite tracking technologies have made it easier to communicate around the world and makes managing a global sales force feasible but selling products in the international market can pose challenges. In â€Å"International business: Opportunities and challenges in a flattening world† Mason Carpenter and Sanjyot Dunung (2013) write about different issues we may encounter when retailing internationally. Mason Carpenter received his PhD in 1997 from the†¦show more content†¦This would require staff and accountants to handle the VAT paperwork. When providing services in both the United States and foreign countries it may be possible that expenses are shared or split between multip le countries (Carpenter Dunung, 2013). This can cause a problem on properly allocating the profit or loss between jurisdiction and paying taxes to the appropriate government and in some instance result in double taxation (Carpenter Dunung, 2013). Imported products and services are charged a tariff which can make them more costly than local businesses (Carpenter Dunung, 2013). Tariffs are a tool used by governments to discourage consumers from purchasing imported products in order to protect their economy and businesses (Carpenter Dunung, 2013). If we establish a foreign corporation or licensing structure, we will need to be mindful of possible foreign withholding taxes depending on the tax treaty in place with the foreign country (Anon, 2017). Withholding taxes typically are a flat 30 percent but can be less based on the tax treaty (Anon, 2017). Business Regulations and Laws Countries have different laws. Since Smartshoes may be conducting trade in the international market we will need to become familiar with the regulations and laws of the appropriate countries. Most countries have strict privacy regulations on what is permitted to be done with customerShow MoreRelatedEssay on Soft Drink Industry Porters Five Forces Analysis:1676 Words   |  7 Pagesdifficult for an entrant to compete with the incumbents and gain any visibility. Brand Image / Loyalty: Coke and Pepsi have a long history of heavy advertising and this has earned them huge amount of brand equity and loyal customer’s all over the world. This makes it virtually impossible for a new entrant to match this scale in this market place. Retailer Shelf Space (Retail Distribution): Retailers enjoy significant margins of 15-20% on these soft drinks for the shelf space they offer. TheseRead More. 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Data Analysis for Decision Makers Process

Question: Discuss about the Data Analysis for Decision Makers Process. Answer: Introduction: The data that can give some valuable information about anything are regarded as statistical data. The datasets can be analyzed and used for making some important decisions. In this report, a dataset about the sports management has been analyzed using various statistical techniques. The sports management discusses the various aspects required for the improvement of sports (Cunha et al. 2015). In this report the various factors of the customers who are visiting a gym has been studied. The factors include the gender of the persons, which class the people are taking, the sauna used by the persons, the time spent by them in the sauna and others. The data has been analyzed using various techniques such as descriptive statistics techniques, inferential techniques and others. The conclusions that can be drawn from the results of analysis can help to take make important business decision. The dependence of gender on the type of sports can be studied with the help of statistical techniques. Th ere are almost five types of sports that are played by the people. The sports include dance, spin, yoga, circuit training and others. The various graphs and charts are also drawn to explain the datasets. Discussion: The variables that were considered for the analysis were height (cms) and Time in Sauna (mins). The mean value of the variable height (cms) was found to be 175.674898cms and the mean value of the variable Time in Sauna (mins) was found to be 7.232959184 min. Mean is defined as the average of all the values of a variable. It represents the central value of a data set (Bickel and Lehmann 2012). It can be interpreted that the average value of the continuous variable height (cms) is 175.674898 cms and it is the mean value of the data set of height (cms). It can also be interpreted that the average value of the continuous variable Time in Sauna (mins) is 7.232959184 min and it is the mean value of the data set of Time in Sauna (mins). Median is defined as the central value of a data set when the values of the variable are arranged in either ascending order or descending order (Cardinal and Aitken 2013). The median value of the variable height (cms) was found to be 176.82 cms while the median value of the variable Time in Sauna (mins) was found to be 0. It can be interpreted that on arranging the values of the variable height (cms) in an order, the central value was found to be 176.82 cms. It can also be interpreted that on arranging the values of the variable Time in Sauna (mins) in an order, the central value was found to be 0 mins. Standard deviation of a variable is defined as the deviation of the values of a variable from the mean value of the variable (Xie et al. 2013). It is seen that the standard deviation of the variable height (cms) is 9.63769706 cms while the standard deviation of the variable Time in Sauna (mins) is 8.763928203 mins. It can be interpreted that the values of height (cms) is 9.63769706 cms deviated on an average from the mean value of the variable. It can also be interpreted that the values of Time in Sauna (mins) is 8.763928203 mins deviated from the average value of the variable. The range of a variable is defined as the difference between the maximum and minimum value of the variable (Gu 2013). The range of the variable height (cms) is found to be 42.29 while the range of the variable Time in Sauna (mins) is found to be 23.03. It can be interpreted that the difference between the minimum and maximum value of the variable height (cms) is found to be 42.29cms. It can also be interpreted that the difference between the minimum and maximum value of the variable Time in Sauna (mins) is found to be 23.03 mins. On considering the variable Sauna Used, it was seen that the variable follows binomial distribution. Binomial distribution is defined as a discrete distribution (Leys et al. 2013). The binomial distributions have the parameters as n and p (DeVeaux et al. 2015). n is defined as the total number of independent cases while p is defiend as the probability of success (Hong 2013). In this case, the probability of using sauna; i.e. the response yes is considered to be p while the probability of not using sauna is considered to be (1-p). The probability of having the response as yes or no was found to be 0.5 and the total number of cases was 100. Thus, the distribution of the discrete variable was found to be binomial distribution with parameters 100 and 0.5. The inferential statistical measures include the testing of hypothesis. The hypothesis test is to be performed for the continuous variable. A t test can be performed by using the height of the people who are visiting the sauna as the dependent variable and the gender of the person as the dependent variable or the grouping variable. Te t-test compares the mean of two groups (Bates et al. 2014). The null hypothesis is to test whether the mean height is same for both the gender or varies among the two genders. The test has been 1.86 *10^-6. The p-value of the test is less than the given level of significance =0.05. On the basis of the p-value of the test obtained, the null hypothesis of the test is rejected. Therefore, it can be said that the mean value varies among the males and females. The time spend by the people in sauna may vary according to the sports played by the peoples. A one way ANOVA has been conducted by taking the time spends by the people in the gym as the dependent variable and the sports played by the person as the independent variable. The model for the analysis is given below: Yij = + i + eij (Gu 2013) The variable yij is the response variable that is the time spent in the sauna and i is the effect due to the factor that is the type of sport played in the gym. The null hypothesis of the test is that the mean value of time spent in the sauna are equal ffor all the sports. The results obtained from the analysis of variance are shown in the following table: ANOVA Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit Between Groups 197.5472 5 39.50944 0.501176 0.774637 2.313431 Within Groups 7252.677 92 78.83345 Total 7450.224 97 Table: Analysis of variance or different type of sports played Source: Created by author The p-value obtained from the analysis is 0.774637. Therefore, the null hypothesis of the test could be accepted on the basis of the given p-value. The acceptance of null hypothesis indicates that the time spent in the sauna is equal for all sports. A regression analysis has also been performed by taking the height of the persons visiting the height of the persons as the dependent variable and the time spend in sauna as the independent variable. The objective of the regression is to know the dependence of the height of the persons on the time spend on sauna. The results of the regression analysis are given below: Coefficients Standard Error t Stat P-value Lower 95% Upper 95% Lower 95.0% Upper 95.0% Intercept -1.79205 16.30239 -0.10993 0.912698 -34.152 30.56795 -34.152 30.56795 X Variable 1 0.051373 0.092661 0.554424 0.580578 -0.13256 0.235303 -0.13256 0.235303 Table: Regression analysis results (Source: Created by author) The results of the regression analysis show that the regression coefficient for the dependent variable is 0.05. Therefore, there is a positive correlation between the time spend in sauna and the height of the people. Conclusion: The report gives an idea about the various strategies used in the gym. There are different kinds of sports that are used in the gym. The datasets contain different variables like the identity of the people visiting the gym, the time spent by them in the gym, the type of sport undertaken, the sauna bath taken by the people, the time spent in the sauna and others. The variables has been studied using various statistical techniques such as descriptive statistics measures and the inferential measures. The variables are at first identified as the continuous variables and discrete variables. The descriptive statistics measures have been calculated for each of the continuous variables. Some of the persons who visit the gym take sauna bath. Therefore, whether the person takes sauna bath or not is a discrete variable. The distribution of the variable has been found to be binomial. The ANOVA test has also been conducted by taking the time sent at sauna as the dependent variable and the type of sports as the independent variable. The time spent at sauna is found to be equal for all type of sports. A regression analysis has also been conducted. The results of regression analysis suggest that the time spent at sauna and the height of the persons has a positive association. This implies as the height increases, the time spent by the people in sauna also increases. References and bibliography: Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B. and Walker, S., 2014. lme4: Linear mixed-effects models using Eigen and S4.R package version,1(7). Bickel, P.J. and Lehmann, E.L., 2012. Descriptive statistics for nonparametric models IV. Spread. InSelected Works of EL Lehmann(pp. 519-526). Springer US. Cardinal, R.N. and Aitken, M.R., 2013.ANOVA for the behavioral sciences researcher. Psychology Press. Cunha, E.C.M., Silva, V.H.R., Pedroso, C.D.Q., Barros Filho, M.A., Santos, . and Miranda, Y., 2015. Influences of management and marketing sports in shares of development and strategies for soccer as a business in Brazil: a systematic review.Revista Intercontinental de Gesto Desportiva,5(2), pp.143-152. DeVeaux, M., Kane, M.J. and Zelterman, D., 2015. A Stopped Negative Binomial Distribution.arXiv preprint arXiv:1508.01264. Draper, N.R. and Smith, H., 2014.Applied regression analysis. John Wiley Sons. Forte, A., 2013. The Moral Reasoning Of Sports Management Students In The United States And Italy.Journal of International Education Research,9(2), p.177. Gu, C., 2013.Smoothing spline ANOVA models(Vol. 297). Springer Science Business Media. Hong, Y., 2013. On computing the distribution function for the Poisson binomial distribution.Computational Statistics Data Analysis,59, pp.41-51. Leys, C., Ley, C., Klein, O., Bernard, P. and Licata, L., 2013. Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,49(4), pp.764-766. Shao, J. and Ji, J., 2014, April. Research on the Impact of China's Athletics College Sports Management Model. In2014 International Conference on e-Education, e-Business and Information Management (ICEEIM 2014). Atlantis Press. Weiss, N.A. and Weiss, C.A., 2012.Introductory statistics. London: Pearson Education. Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M.J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., ODonnell, J., Christensen, D.J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J.J. and Takano, T., 2013. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain.science,342(6156), pp.373-377. Forte, A., 2013. The Moral Reasoning Of Sports Management Students In The United States And Italy.Journal of International Education Research,9(2), p.177. Gu, C., 2013.Smoothing spline ANOVA models(Vol. 297). Springer Science Business Media. Hong, Y., 2013. On computing the distribution function for the Poisson binomial distribution.Computational Statistics Data Analysis,59, pp.41-51. Leys, C., Ley, C., Klein, O., Bernard, P. and Licata, L., 2013. Detecting outliers: Do not use standard deviation around the mean, use absolute deviation around the median.Journal of Experimental Social Psychology,49(4), pp.764-766. Shao, J. and Ji, J., 2014, April. Research on the Impact of China's Athletics College Sports Management Model. In2014 International Conference on e-Education, e-Business and Information Management (ICEEIM 2014). Atlantis Press. Weiss, N.A. and Weiss, C.A., 2012.Introductory statistics. London: Pearson Education. Xie, L., Kang, H., Xu, Q., Chen, M.J., Liao, Y., Thiyagarajan, M., ODonnell, J., Christensen, D.J., Nicholson, C., Iliff, J.J. and Takano, T., 2013. Sleep drives metabolite clearance from the adult brain.science,342(6156), pp.373-377.

Summary and analysis

Introduction Ted Conover has managed to use fiction to produce a piece of art that gives a reflection of activities that take place in a normal correctional facility. He has managed to paint the picture of a standard prison to push forth his themes. This story is so real and very fascinating. It is simple in structure but with a smooth flow of ideas.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary and analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Conover uses humor in a way that makes the story flow easily. The book is very captivating, as the author has used various stylistic devices to structure the story. As Sherman Alexei notes in the review of this book, Conover has successfully brought to surface the culture of American society in one of the most amazing pieces of literature. Summary for chapter 1: Inside Passage This chapter introduces us to the main characters and other supportive characters in this novel. We meet Co nover, who is the main character. He is has just been integrated into the system of Sing Sing prison, a large correctional facility located in New York. This facility houses over a thousand prisoners. Furthermore, working in this environment is not only daunting but also very dangerous (Conover 6). However, he manages to fit into the system, though with difficulties. Sergeant Ed Holmes, his immediate superior officer, is far from being friendly. This is shown the first time we meet him. Unlike other officers who were a little more homely, this sergeant takes pleasure in inflicting fear in other officers. The chapter closes when Conover gets to duty to guard the gates of B-Block. He replaces the female officer who then had to take a break. Analysis for chapter 1 This chapter introduces us to the main theme of this story. We are introduced to a society of American prisoners and prison warders, and the kind of lifestyle they have to live. The main protagonists are introduced and it mak es the reader grasp the general focus of what the whole book is about. It successfully introduces us to the subsequent parts of the book. Summary for chapter 2: School for Jailers This chapter is a flashback of the time when Conover was recruited to join the forces, as a correctional service officer recruit. Before, he was a journalist with New York Time Magazine. He finds life at the academy very different from what he was used to, as a civilian. In this academy, he has to put up with Sergeant Rusty Bloom. This instructor is very hash and makes life at the academy very hard. The recruits are categorically informed that they are one another’s keeper. A mistake done by any recruit would result to punishment of the whole group (Conover 13).Advertising Looking for essay on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The recruits had to maintain cleanliness in their dressing codes and their bodies. Time was a facto r at this academy and instructions had to be followed to the letter. At times, Conover would develop melancholic mood when he thought the comfort at home and the lectures he would give to others. He would develop a sense of nostalgia when he thought of the family. However, he had to be here and complete his course. Analysis for chapter 2 The author has used this chapter as a summary of what takes place at the training school for correctional service officers. He has used a flash back in this chapter to give a reflection of what it was like when Conover was at the training center. This chapter is important as it introduces us to the path that transformed Conover from a civilian to a uniformed officer. It also introduces the reader to the language used by these officers. Summary for chapter 3: up the river In this chapter, Conover and other graduates from Albany Training College are taken to Sing Sing prison for on-job training. Officially, this would last for four weeks. However, the conventional time would be one year before an officer would be confirmed. At first, this facility seemed fascinating to new officers. They had the opportunity to be at the famous Sing Sing Maximum Correction Facility. They had some information concerning the prison. They were stationed at different departments in the facility. They would later be taken to classes where they would be given further instructions on how to handle inmates and avoid their manipulations. As time went by, Conover started developing some sense of boredom. The fact that they had to follow some instructions daily was boring. However, the fact that he would be close to going back home was reassuring (Conover 54). Analysis for chapter 3 This chapter is a smooth continuation of chapter two. The author has ensured a flow of story. It takes us back to Sing Sing Correctional Facility. The author makes a clear description of this environment from the perspective of the recently introduced officers. The feeling creat ed in this chapter is so real. The recruits were eager to be at this facility, but after a short while, the feeling of boredom comes in when they realize that they have to follow the instructions on a daily basis. Conclusion This book has successfully brought out the picture of the correctional facilities in the United States. The first three chapters give environments of Albany Training Academy, and that of Sing Sing Maximum Security Facility. It draws attention of the reader and arouses the desire to obtain more information. Works Cited Conover, Ted. Newjack: Guarding Sing Sing New York: Random House, 2000. Print.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Summary and analysis specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This essay on Summary and analysis was written and submitted by user Risque to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Jetblue Strategic Analysis Essay Example

Jetblue Strategic Analysis Essay Example Jetblue Strategic Analysis Paper Jetblue Strategic Analysis Paper Strategic Analysis Of JetBlue Airways Executive Summary This report on JetBlue identifies how they have become an innovator in the airline industry by targeting customers who value a low-cost, customer conscious airline. They have formulated strategies that have enabled them to operate in a highly efficient and effective manner while realizing the importance of aligning their strategies with their environment. The report thoroughly discusses the strengths and weaknesses that the company possesses in their internal environment, followed by an in-depth analysis of the threats and opportunities of existing within their external environment. The strategy of the company is analyzed in comparison with both their internal and external environment in order to formulate possible strategic recommendations. Proper implementation strategies of the recommendations are also given to identify how the company can be better aligned with its environment and continue to grow as a highly successful company in the airline industry. Strategic Analysis of JetBlue Airways This report is an extensive analysis of JetBlue’s overall corporate strategies and how well they are aligned with their internal and external environments. It will focus on the company’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that exist as well as identify possible ways in which they can improve the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the organization. As a relatively new airline JetBlue has redefined the industry by utilizing a combination of low-cost and differentiation as their core strategy. Since the company’s inception in 1999 they have become an innovator of new ideas and have led other airlines to follow some of their own practices due to the overall success of the company. JetBlue has succeeded as an airline that targets travelers who want a low-fare, high-value, customer service oriented flight to and from specific locations in popular metropolitan areas. To comprehend the success of the company, there are key factors that must be analyzed thoroughly in order to understand what allows them to be a competitive, profitable, and successful organization. To begin to understand JetBlue’s success as a newcomer to the industry you have to analyze their internal and external environments in comparison to their overall strategy. Strengths JetBlue’s strategy is focused on keeping costs low, while also utilizing new technology and guaranteeing customer satisfaction. The company’s strengths are what set them apart from other airlines. JetBlue’s long list of strengths begins with their pricing strategies. The customer value that is created by the company has proven to be a huge part of their success. In order to be a cost leader they started by purchasing only one model of aircraft which allows for easier and less expensive repairs and maintenance costs. Their low cost strategy also stems from the idea of eliminating any unnecessary operating costs, such as having paperless cockpits and not offering meals during flight. Differentiation has also allowed them to gain a notable advantage over the competition by realizing that customers are the most important part of the company. Customer satisfaction is a top priority within the company and all employees are instructed to make sure that all of their customers are happy at all times. The ways in which they have distinguished themselves include assigning seats with more legroom and satellite TV for all seats, offering complementary snacks and beverages, and also promoting online ticket sales and flight check-in. The organizational culture within the company is one that exhibits values, integrity, and empowerment which is a strength that most of the competition does not possess. Employees are hired based on their competencies and motivation to work in a customer-oriented environment. The company is also committed to their employees’ satisfaction and rewards are given to those who show initiative on the job. Another highly important strength is the executive level of management, which is comprised of experienced, knowledgeable people who have great leadership skills and are focused on their growth strategy and the sustainability of the company. JetBlue’s strengths are easily recognizable and they all integrate well with their corporate strategy. Weaknesses Although JetBlue is considered successful this is not to say that they do not have weaknesses that exist within the company. The small size of the company in comparison to other airlines is a major weakness that they have. Because JetBlue is relatively small they have to focus more on differentiating themselves in the industry, which could effectively lead to less popularity as the competition increases. Due to the fact that they are such a small company they also have a limited number of locations throughout the nation. Following their functional strategy of providing cheaper costs at underserved airports, they have effectively limited their potential to target customers in return. This leaves a question to be asked, if they are successful at their current locations that may not be heavy traffic areas, why could they not be just as, if not more successful in larger, higher traffic locations? Although they have expanded their hubs in a few regions since inception they have done so at a slow pace. Another weakness that should be recognized is the lack of marketing and promotion. JetBlue does use some marketing strategies within the markets that they operate in, yet very few media or publication advertisements are seen outside of those markets. Opportunities The weaknesses of JetBlue could also be considered opportunities to the company. The opportunities that exist are all great ways to improve profitability and brand image, which would be consistent with their own operational strategy. Expansion into other locations including international regions is perhaps their biggest opportunity for growth. Due to the deregulation of international air travel, it would be easier to implement the same low-cost strategy for operating outside of the United States. Another idea would be to create a joint venture with another international airline in order to take advantage of the international market, which would lower risks and investment capital. Technology and the Internet can both be beneficial to their strategy. Airplane technology continues to improve in design, safety, and maintenance. These improvements allow for less fuel consumption, lower repair costs, and fewer mechanical failures. These advancements in technology would be an excellent opportunity to lessen the operating costs associated with using older models. The Internet also offers a great way to market them as being a low-cost, high-value industry leader who actually values their customers’ satisfaction. The Internet has proven to be the cheapest, most profitable form of advertisement that reaches more people than any other form. By promoting the use of the Internet for automated sales and utilizing the available technology, they can lower labor costs and increase value even further for customers. Threats Altogether the airline industry has seen increased threats from the external environment in recent years, by not formulating and implementing strategies to effectively handle the threats that JetBlue is faced with currently and in the future, they will most likely have a negative impact on the company’s sustainability. A major threat that should be of concern is the fierce competition in the industry, and the possibility of other low-cost strategies being implemented by much larger companies. The imitability of both their differentiation and cost strategies are rather high and practically any competitor can easily implement both, forcing JetBlue to sustain a competitive advantage. Due to their small size and little brand recognition they must be effective in preventing the competition from overtaking their target market. Along with the substantial threat of entry into the low cost arena, there is the rising costs of fuel and high bargaining price of suppliers in the industry. The increased inflation rates of products, as well as the economic downturn are subsequently huge threats that should be considered when implementing their future financial strategy. Security threats and increased government regulations throughout the industry create a new threat to all airlines. This has increased costs and lowered the profit margin for JetBlue and limits their ability to maintain the low cost structure as well. These threats can all have a critical impact on the company, but if they are properly planned for there is a much greater chance to succeed in the future. Strategic Recommendations After analyzing JetBlue’s internal and external environment and contrasting them with their corporate strategy, this report concludes that overall they are an efficient company that needs little improvement. Aside from the recommendations discussed above there are a few more that might slightly improve their future sustainability. Their core competencies easily distinguish them from most of the competition and those strengths are what gives them the competitive advantage to become more successful. JetBlue’s low prices are what define them and it is necessary to keep their prices low and keep the customers happy as the company grows. The first recommendation would be that in-depth appraisals in all areas of the organization should be performed non-stop. The information gained should immediately impact any area that is falling behind, and the necessary changes should be made. As mentioned before, expanding to other markets is a strategy that should be implemented quickly, but considering the needs of business travelers would also be an opportunity to attract a larger market. Maybe they could include power outlets, unlimited wi-fi access, and noise cancelling headphones all of which would appeal to both business and regular customers. A marketing strategy that emphasizes their luxurious amenities offered compared to the low-cost flights, would be an extremely effective campaign especially once the target market is expanded. Another idea might be to consider venturing into a partnership that might include a website similar to Travelocity. com allowing consumers to find hotels, restaurants, and flights from other airlines and comparing their prices to JetBlue’s. Growth is limited to the resources available, so in effect they should ensure that all their resources are utilized to the upmost efficiency. Consideration of implementing the above recommendations and continuing the practices currently in place should allow JetBlue to continue to be an innovator and a successful company in the future. They have great management, an excellent workforce, and are highly concerned about their customers’ satisfaction, all of which are aligned with the vision, mission, and strategy of the organization.

The Geography of Russias 21 Republics

The Geography of Russia's 21 Republics Russia, officially called the Russian Federation, is located in Eastern Europe and stretches from its borders with Finland, Estonia, Belarus, and Ukraine through the Asian continent where it meets Mongolia, China and the Sea of Okhotsk. At approximately 6,592,850 square miles, Russia is the worlds largest country based on area. Russia is so large that it covers 11 time zones. Because of its large size, Russia is divided into 83 federal subjects (members of the Russian Federation) for local administration throughout the country. Twenty-one of those federal subjects are considered republics. A republic in Russia is an area that is comprised of people who are not of Russian ethnicity. Russias republics are thus able to set their official languages and establish their constitutions. The following is a list of Russias republics ordered alphabetically. The republics continental location, area, and official languages have been included for reference. Adygea Continent: EuropeArea: 2,934 square miles (7,600 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Adyghe Altai Continent: AsiaArea: 35,753 square miles (92,600 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Altay Bashkortostan Continent: EuropeArea: 55,444 square miles (143,600 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Bashkir Buryatia Continent: AsiaArea: 135,638 square miles (351,300 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Buryat Dagestan Continent: EuropeArea: 19,420 square miles (50,300 sq km)Official Languages: Russian, Aghul, Avar, Azeri, Chechen, Dargwa, Kumyk, Lak, Lezgian, Nogai, Rutul, Tabasaran, Tat and Tsakhur Chechnya Continent: EuropeArea: 6,680 square miles (17,300 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Chechen Ingushetia Continent: EuropeArea: 1,351 square miles (3,500 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Ingush Kabardino-Balkaria Continent: EuropeArea: 4,826 square miles (12,500 sq km)Official Languages: Russian, Kabardian and Balkar Kalmykia Continent: EuropeArea: 29,382 square miles (76,100 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Kalmyk Karachay-Cherkessia Continent: EuropeArea: 5,444 square miles (14,100 sq km)Official Languages: Russian, Abaza, Cherkess, Karachay and Nogai Karelia Continent: EuropeArea: 66,564 square miles (172,400 sq km)Official Language: Russian Komi Continent: EuropeArea: 160,580 square miles (415,900 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Komi Mari El Continent: EuropeArea: 8,957 square miles (23,200 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Mari Mordovia Continent: EuropeArea: 10,115 square miles (26,200 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Mordvin Sakha Continent: AsiaArea: 1,198,152 square miles (3,103,200 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Sakha North Ossetia-Alania Continent: EuropeArea: 3,088 square miles (8,000 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Ossetic Tatarstan Continent: EuropeArea: 26,255 square miles (68,000 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Tatar Tuva Continent: AsiaArea: 65,830 square miles (170,500 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Tuvan Udmurtia Continent: EuropeArea: 16,255 square miles (42,100 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Udmurt Khakassia Continent: AsiaArea: 23,900 square miles (61,900 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Khakass Chuvashia Continent: EuropeArea: 7,065 square miles (18,300 sq km)Official Languages: Russian and Chuvash

How can a city government grow without increasing taxes on its Essay

How can a city government grow without increasing taxes on its citizens - Essay Example amous for their employment opportunities, relatively inexpensive and affordable housing, top quality system of public education, and many places for recreation and entertainment that people of different ages, occupations and cultural and religious backgrounds find attractive. I think these factors are very important in helping cities grow without increasing taxes on their citizens at the same time. The determining factor, in my opinion, is employment opportunities. The local governments of cities north of Dallas have done a great job developing partnerships, and attracting many businesses into the area. They provided opportunities and benefits to big corporations to open their corporate offices north of Dallas. This have brought increased revenue to the cities and attracted increased numbers of people searching for jobs into the area. With new jobs came new places of entertainment, such as restaurants, bars, clubs, and shopping centers, providing additional income to the city. People started moving into those cities. For example, the population of Frisco has tripled in 1990s, and continues to grow drastically in the 21st century. The city of Frisco has invested money in developing infrastructure to make the life comfortable. In the next three years, it is planned that the city will spend 61.2 million dollars into tollways, highways, and roads within the city limits. Top quality public education has served as one of the advantageous factors attracting thousands of people into the area. People who could not afford private education, but were looking for quality education for their children, found that in Frisco. Overall, I think it is a combination of factors, plus a good city leadership can take any city to another level of development. The leadership that plans ahead, and sets a vision not only for today, but also for generations to come, has a higher change of creating a place that is attractive and keeps

Characteristics that a student displays that make him deserving of a Essay

Characteristics that a student displays that make him deserving of a scholarship from the University - Essay Example Hardworking may be a cliche but it still stands true to this day that a student should indeed be diligent, persevering to attain his objectives in life despite the many hindrances there may be. Despite this, the deserving student is also expected to display a positive attitude that will not only be a positive influence to her self but also to those around him. Such individual should be a team player, able to communicate himself clearly to avoid misunderstandings and able to tackle difficult situations in a group. He should be able to manifest organizational skills, able to put his schedules in check and making his time and energy productive. In addition, one should be loyal as this will affect greatly how he acts in places and circumstances that there are no people looking at him. He should then be trust worthy. Respect is another characteristic a good student should possess because this is one of the inner beauties needed by many people and makes the holder of such value loved and r espected in return. This and all of the aforementioned attitudes are all equally important for a student to own and in addition must display good grooming as outer appearance follows inner values.

Bsp Term Paper Essay Example for Free

Bsp Term Paper Essay It came up with the rudiments of a bill for the establishment of a central bank for the country after a careful study of the economic provisions of the Hare-Hawes Cutting bill, the Philippine independence bill approved by the US Congress. During the Commonwealth period (1935-1941), the discussion about a Philippine central bank that would promote price stability and economic growth continued. The country’s monetary system then was administered by the Department of Finance and the National Treasury. The Philippines was on the exchange standard using the US dollar—which was backed by 100 percent gold reserve—as the standard currency. In 1939, as required by the Tydings-McDuffie Act, the Philippine legislature passed a law establishing a central bank. As it was a monetary law, it required the approval of the United States president. However, President Franklin D. Roosevelt disapproved it due to strong opposition from vested interests. A second law was passed in 1944 during the Japanese occupation, but the arrival of the American liberalization forces aborted its implementation. Shortly after President Manuel Roxas assumed office in 1946, he instructed then Finance Secretary Miguel Cuaderno, Sr. to draw up a charter for a central bank. The establishment of a monetary authority became imperative a year later as a result of the findings of the Joint Philippine-American Finance Commission chaired by Mr. Cuaderno. The Commission, which studied Philippine financial, monetary and fiscal problems in 1947, recommended a shift from the dollar exchange standard to a managed currency system. A central bank was necessary to implement the proposed shift to the new system. Immediately, the Central Bank Council, which was created by President Manuel Roxas to prepare the charter of a proposed monetary authority, produced a draft. It was submitted to Congress in February1948. By June of the same year, the newly-proclaimed President Elpidio Quirino, who succeeded President Roxas, affixed his signature on Republic Act No. 265, the Central Bank Act of 1948. The establishment of the Central Bank of the Philippines was a definite step toward national sovereignty. Over the years, changes were introduced to make the charter more responsive to the needs of the economy. On 29 November 1972, Presidential Decree No. 72 adopted the recommendations of the Joint IMF-CB Banking Survey Commission which made a study of the Philippine banking system. The Commission proposed a program designed to ensure the system’s soundness and healthy growth. Its most important recommendations were related to the objectives of the Central Bank, its policy-making structures, scope of its authority and procedures for dealing with problem financial institutions. Subsequent changes sought to enhance the capability of the Central Bank, in the light of a developing economy, to enforce banking laws and regulations and to respond to emerging central banking issues. Thus, in the 1973 Constitution, the National Assembly was mandated to establish an independent central monetary authority. Later, PD 1801 designated the Central Bank of the Philippines as the central monetary authority (CMA). Years later, the 1987 Constitution adopted the provisions on the CMA from the 1973 Constitution that were aimed essentially at establishing an independent monetary authority through increased capitalization and greater private sector representation in the Monetary Board. The administration that followed the transition government of President Corazon C. Aquino saw the turning of another chapter in Philippine central banking. In accordance with a provision in the 1987 Constitution, President Fidel V. Ramos signed into law Republic Act No. 7653, the New Central Bank Act, on 14 June 1993. The law provides for the establishment of an independent monetary authority to be known as the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas, with the maintenance of price stability explicitly stated as its primary objective. This objective was only implied in the old Central Bank charter. The law also gives the Bangko Sentral fiscal and administrative autonomy which the old Central Bank did not have. On 3 July 1993, the New Central Bank Act took effect. The BSP’s Organizational Structure The Monetary Board, which exercises the power and functions of the BSP, such as the conduct of monetary policy and supervision of the financial system. The Monetary Stability Sector, which takes   charge of the formulation and implementation of the BSP’s monetary policy, including serving the banking needs of all banks through accepting deposits, servicing withdrawals and extending credit through the rediscounting facility, The Supervision and Examination Sector, which enforces and monitors compliance to banking laws to promote a sound and healthy banking system, and The Resource Management Sector, which serves the human, financial and physical resource needs of the BSP. The powers and function of Bangko Sentral are exercised by its Monetary Board, whose seven members are appointed by the President of the Philippines. As provided for by the New Central Bank Act, one of the government sector members of the Monetary Board must also be a member of the Presidents Cabinet. Members of the Monetary Board are prohibited from holding certain positions in other government agencies and private institutions that may give rise to conflicts of interest. The members have fixed, overlapping, terms, except for the cabinet secretary representing the incumbent administration and it was the expansionary. The current members of the Monetary Board are: * Amando M. Tetangco, Jr. , Chairman * Cesar Purisima * Peter Favila * Ignacio Bunye * Juanita D. Amatong * Alfredo C. Antonio * Nelly F. Villafuerte The BSP’s primary objective is to maintain price stability conducive to a balanced and sustainable economic growth. The BSP also aims to promote and preserve monetary stability and the convertibility of the national currency. The BSP provides policy directions in the areas of money, banking and credit. It supervises operations of banks and exercises regulatory powers over non-bank financial institutions with quasi-banking functions. Under the New Central Bank Act, the BSP performs the following functions, all of which relate to its status as the Republic’s central monetary authority. * Liquidity Management. The BSP formulates and implements monetary policy aimed at influencing money supply consistent with its primary objective to maintain price stability. * Currency issue. The BSP has the exclusive power to issue the national currency. All notes and coins issued by the BSP are fully guaranteed by the Government and are considered legal tender for all private and public debts. Lender of last resort. The BSP extends discounts, loans and advances to banking institutions for liquidity purposes. * Financial Supervision. The BSP supervises banks and exercises regulatory powers over non-bank institutions performing quasi-banking functions. * Management of foreign currency reserves. The BSP seeks to maintain sufficient international reserves to meet any foreseeable net demands for foreign currencies in order to p reserve the international stability and convertibility of the Philippine peso. Determination of exchange rate policy. The BSP determines the exchange rate policy of the Philippines. Currently, the BSP adheres to a market-oriented foreign exchange rate policy such that the role of Bangko Sentral is principally to ensure orderly conditions in the market. * Other activities. The BSP functions as the banker, financial advisor and official depository of the Government, its political subdivisions and instrumentalities and government-owned and -controlled corporations. A payments system comprises the cultural, political, legal, economic and business practices and arrangements that is used within a market economy to determine, store and exchange value or ownership of goods and services. Properly functioning payments systems enhance the stability of the financial system, reduce transaction costs in the economy, promote the efficient use of financial resources, improve financial market liquidity and facilitate the conduct of monetary policy. Central banks have a strong interest in promoting safety and improving efficiency in payments systems as part of their overall concern with financial stability. Central banks play a key role in the domestic payments system because it is their liquid liabilities—more particularly their reserve balances—that are the instruments in which the bulk of domestic payment obligations are legally finally settled. This pivotal role reflects, in part, the central bank’s statutory legal tender monopoly. Payment is a transfer of value. At its basic level, a payments system is a mechanism agreed upon by buyers and sellers in transferring value between them in order to consummate a particular transaction. A payments system facilitates the exchange of goods or services in an economy. A payment instrument is always required for each payment transaction to supply the term and conditions for the transaction, which should meet physical, legal and regulatory standards. Transfer of goods or services Goods flow Value flow Transfer of value through a payments system Seller Payee Flow of Payments System Buyers and Sellers, Payors and Payees Buyer Payor There are two general classifications of payment instruments, namely: cash or non-cash payment instruments. Cash is generally paper-based while the non-cash instruments are either paper-based or electronic-based. Non-cash payment instruments can be classified further into cheque payments, direct electronic funds transfers and card payments. Under the general structure of the payments system, the payments system consists of the set of arrangements for discharging obligations assumed by economic actors whenever they acquire real or financial resources, including the institutions providing payment services, the various instruments used to convey payment instructions, the means of transferring those instructions (including communications channels), and the contractual relationship among the parties concerned. One of my subject had affected was my major subject and that is Cost Accounting. Based on my own observation Cost Accounting had been affected throughout the Educational Tour of BAS. It affected me a lot because in terms of the hours that we pay on that subject it ruined and besides in terms in the subject we missed the lesson that should be took up on us on that day. But, Unfortunately, I’m not totally affected on that day, I learned a lot because our getaway tour is not all about fun. It is just like you are still studying but outside the campus.

Impact of Climate Change on Sri Lanka Essay -- Global Warming Essays

Climate change is an inevitable phenomenon that is being experienced globally in various forms such as temperature rise. Sea level rise, droughts, floods, hurricanes, landslides, etc. According to the forth assessment report of the IPCC project even with immediate implementation of mitigation strategies global climate change will continue for decades. Climate change is inflicting serious consequences on human wellbeing and will continue to inflict damages in the future. It is estimated that mean global temperature will rise by 1.8 Â ºC - 4.0 Â ºC by end of the 21st century (Izaurraade, 2009). A new global climate model predicts that in the coming decade the surface air temperature is likely to exceed existing records (Smith et al., 2007). Growing season temperatures in the tropics and subtropics by end of the 21st century will exceed the most extreme temperature recorded in the history (Battistic and Rosamond, 2009). Agriculture is considered to be one of the most vulnerable sectors to climate change. Although at present, the overall impact of climate change on global scale agricultural productivity is not reliably estimated (Gornall et al., 2010). Many studies show serious implications on agricultural productivity for instance IFPRI(2009) projects that in South Asia by 2050 climate change will reduce production of rice, wheat and maize by 14%, 44% to 49% and 9%-19% respectively relative to no climate change situation. Historical temperature yield relationship indicates that at the global scale warming from 1981-2002 very likely offset some of the yield gains from technology advances, rising CO2 and other non climatic factors (Lobell and Field, 2007). Developing countries are said to be more vulnerable than developed countri... ...local agriculture and food security, this paper attempts to give an overview of observed and projected climate change in Sri Lanka, its impact on the agriculture sector and climate change adaptation strategies through reviewing recent literature on climate change. To develop appropriate strategies and institutional responses to climate change targeting smallholder farmers it is necessary to have a good understanding about the local farming environment in terms of farmer perception about climate change, key issues faced by farmers in overcoming climate adversities, local knowledge and strengths on climate change adaptation. There is a dearth of such research studies undertaken in Sri Lanka therefore; this paper presents a case study undertaken on a farming community in the intermediate zone to demonstrate how farmers perceive and respond to climate adversities.

Career Goals Paper Essay

Understanding family behavior and the dynamics of the working relationship would be keys in this field. Also, helping the less fortunate and guiding them through tough times would make a huge impact in today’s society. Plus, making the world better for children, and making sure children are fed and educated would be wonderful. Figure 1. 1 Key factors in my scores (refer to figure 1. ) to multiple pathways of learning include the following that will prove helpful in my studies at University of Phoenix: 1. Bodily Kinesthetic: I scored a 20 on this scale. Being able to use my hands when learning will be most beneficial for me throughout my studies. For instance, writing down key terms and walking around when reading my textbook would be my ideal study situation. Moving fingers under words while reading will assist me in comprehending the material. Also, learning by doing would also be preferable in this type of intelligence. Applying the concepts learned to real life situations would make learning more enjoyable for me. 2. Verbal-Linguistic: Scoring a 19 on this scale references my ability to learn through communication through language (listening, reading, writing, and speaking). Reading text and limiting highlighting would create an active learning environment when studying. Rewriting notes will help me remember what is being learned throughout the course. Also, being able to remember terms easily will help me gain a larger vocabulary of psychological terms. Discussing topics that interest me, such as abnormal psychology, will also play a huge part in my learning the discipline. 3. Intrapersonal: This was the highest scoring intelligence being a 21. Having a quiet place to study and think with no interruptions is a beneficial learning environment for me. This tells me that I prefer to think about issues before discussing them. Being interested in self improvement is a factor in this scale; improving me is my number one goal. 4. Interpersonal: My score for this intelligence was a 19. Knowing when enough is enough, and to step away from the situation is essential. * Attitude: Keeping a positive attitude never hurts anyone. Being confident in my ability to earn this degree will keep me on track. * Staying Motivated: Never lose sight of my main motivators. Knowing that a good career is possible after obtaining my degree keeps me focused. * Prioritizing: Never wait till the last minute to finish a project/assignment. Keeping on track with my assignments is essential for my success. Working on projects a little bit each day reduces stress. Procrastination is the enemy! Going back to school later in life is a huge challenge; however, I feel that the dividends will pay off in the long run. My ultimate goal is to be a lifelong learner. When your brain rests; it rusts. Learning does not have to stop after obtaining a degree; learning goes on throughout your entire life span. Becoming a college professor is my ultimate goal; giving back the gift of knowledge and making an influence is my dream. Actually, this paper taught me a very important lesson: You get out of education what you put into it. Never take a good education for granted and never stop learning.

Discuss the extent to which Consumer Law achieves its objectives Essay

The most efficient way for consumers to get what they want is through the ‘market’, not the government, but businesses have more power than their customers. Some businesses can and will use abuse this power and cheat and steal from consumers to make money. Because of this, the government regulates the behaviour of businesses to have a market economy that functions properly. These laws mainly protect consumers against; misleading/deceptive representations, unconscionable conduct, unfair contracts, and unsafe goods and/or services. To protect consumers, different legal and non-legal approaches have been taken. Statutory protections by the government, like the Australian Consumer Law (ACL) and the National Credit Code (NCC), and by the state, like the Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW) and the Contracts Review Act 1980 (NSW), help regulate businesses and protect consumers. Under section 29 of the ACL, businesses are prohibited from making false claims about their products and/or services. In the ACCC v. Harvey Norman 2012 case, 4 Harvey Norman stores were found guilty of making false or misleading representation regarding consumer guarantee rights. The misrepresentations were made orally by sales people in the store. The Court recognised the issues and penalised the stores, issuing fines and ordering them to display in-store signs displaying corrective notices and implement a consumer law compliance program. Out of the four stores, two of them ceased trading in May 2013. This demonstrated how effective the consumer law achieves its objectives. Independent governmental statutory agencies also help in enforcing the ACL and help to bring attention to businesses that are not complying with the law and help to fix the problem. An independent statutory body called the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) aims to make markets work for consumers, now and in the future. The ACCC helps to keep the market safe and fair for consumers. A major business brought to the attention of the ACCC was found to be making misleading claims. Coles claims and advertises that its bread is ‘baked today, sold today’ and ‘freshly baked in-store’. It was found that the bread was not, in fact, baked in Australia,  but partially baked months earlier in overseas factories. Coles accepted a guilty verdict and claimed that new packaging was already being produced. Coles could face fines of up to $1.1 million per breach. This demonstrates how effective the ACCC is in enforcing the ACL but penalties may not be harsh er enough. For a large business, like Coles, $1.1 million is not that much of a penalty compared to the profits it makes. Non-statutory protections to help the ACL in achieving its objectives can be just as effective as statutory protections. One protection is the media. The media is a very powerful tool and can wreak havoc on the profitability of a business. To stay out of the harsh spotlight that is the media, businesses tend to ‘straighten out’ really quickly if found to be in breach of a section of the ACL. This helps to protect consumers to the degree that it makes businesses comply with the law quickly but it doesn’t stop them from doing it to stat with until they get caught. Another non-statutory measure in protecting consumers is through External Dispute Resolution Schemes (EDR). An example of an EDR is the Financial Ombudsmen Service (FOS) which helps to protect consumers in matters regarding credit loans. The FOS is a cheaper, faster way of reaching a solution to a conflict between a consumer and a business. These solutions have been unbiased, 50% benefiting the consumer and 50% benefiting the business. Rather than taking a business to court, a consumer can go to a FOS where a solution can be reached quicker and cheaper but this decision is final, regardless of which party it benefits. This non-statutory body is very effective in protecting consumers from businesses to the extent that it reaches an unbiased solution but an issue has already occurred. There are statutory and non-statutory measures taken to protect consumers and the market economy. Statutory measures like the ACL (Cth), NCC (Cth), Fair Trading Act 1987 (NSW), and the Contracts Review Act 1980 (NSW) create laws and regulate businesses. Different non-statutory bodies, like the media and EDR schemes (e.g. FOS), help to enforce the laws made by the state and government.. Together, they help to achieve the objectives of consumer law in protecting consumers against misleading/deceptive representations,  unconscionable conduct, unfair contracts, and unsafe goods and/or services.

Implementing New Procurement Policies in the Public Sector Essays

Implementing New Procurement Policies in the Public Sector Essays Implementing New Procurement Policies in the Public Sector Essay Implementing New Procurement Policies in the Public Sector Essay The West Coast City is known for beautiful nature scenery and award-winning urban planning. Unfortunately, same as other urban cities, the City also is experiencing social problems also. Recently public Council approved new implementation of a sustainable and ethical purchasing policy. Sustainable and ethical purchasing considers the health and social impacts of the goods and services being purchased, ethical (e. G. No sweat shop, fair trade), socially responsible (e. G. Human rights, health and safety in workplace) procurement and fostering economic development (e. G. Preferable to local supplier under read agreements). City manager has expressed great concern of no other benchmark available, financial impact to the Citys budget and the Supply Management teams limited working knowledge. Because the support from key internal stakeholders is critical to success of the policy, the implementing project will concentrate its efforts on engaging them. To answer these concerns propose to hire 3rd party consulting firm, cooperate current supplier and potential new qualified supplier to assess financial impact and develop tools and process that would not increase administrative and financial burdens on the City and suppliers. This report will discuss this in more detail. implementing New Procurement Policies in the Public Sector Case Report page 2 Issue Identification Immediate Issue The city has to find qualified staff, develop the policy and minimize cost impact. Systemic Issues Problem 1: Limited working knowledge and lacking of staffs with expertise -? The City doesnt have proper staffing resources with expertise and hasnt done any benchmarking. Problem 2: The fear of cost increase Often purchasing in an ethical way may incur additional costs to a business when compared with others who may not do in a same way. Problem 3: Implementation timeline has been set up prior to full assessment Of scope. 6 month to approve policy, 1 year to implement the first phase of cloths procurement from ethical source and 2 years to expand it to City-wide. Page 3 Environmental Root Cause Analysis Qualitative Analysis The City Manager of the Supply Management team has little experience of ethical purchasing. Lack of staffing resources with expertise in the area of sustainability. Need cost impact analysis of staff budget. The new proposed policy would require purchasing FT coffee which will increase the cost between 15 and 20 percent of $150,000. Page 4 Options There are several strategic options that need to be considered in order to fully address the issues. Option 1 Increase staffing budget and hire the sustainable and ethical purchasing experts. Pros: Secure permanent subject experts. Procurement processes time stays close to current due to increase of staff. Could cause additional stress to the current staffing budget. May need to steal staffing budget from other City departments to create a fund to support new staffs. Cons: Option 2 Hire 3rd party consulting firm and organize co-pop program with suppliers. Pros: Learn and implement the best practice quickly. Supplier can share their resources to lower administrative overhead. Early supplier involvement would give them time to prepare for the new changes. It would allow supplier to find alternate sources that are ethnically responsible. Owe initial cost because the City doesnt have to hire new staffs. Still need to find a fund to hire consulting firm. Suppliers could influence the implementation negatively. Recommendation recommend the second option. The City has little experience of new purchase policy so it is critical to involve industry experts to develop implementation plan. Assistant buyer and supervise from City Inventory Distribution branch would become a qualified staff without high new staffing cost. They are familiar with existing with purchase process. It would provide insight of City process and new purchasing policy to new sustainability specialists. Supplier Implementing New procurement policies in the public Sector Case Report page 5 participation in early stage of implementation is very critical. Suppliers have sourcing network already that could be utilized to find ethical manufactures. Finding new suppliers isnt always easy and building up new relationship requires efforts and time. It would create another overhead burden to the reject. Sustainable and ethical purchasing has to maximize the benefits for themselves, partners and peoples in City. To prevent negative influence from suppliers, Supply chain manager has to review suppliers inputs carefully and direct them. Page 6 Recommendation Implementation Plan Implementation would . Element Description Responsibility Timeline Search and hire 3rd party consulting Task force team 1-?2 month Establish new purchase policy 1-2 months Present new purchase policy to Supply chain manager 1 month supplier City Manager Hold hearing and get approval from Create co-pop team with suppliers 3 months Find ethical manufactures and 6 months negotiate prices Co-pop team Roll out phase 1 cloth Roll Out phase 2 24 months firms public Council City manager page 7 Monitor and Control The new purchasing policy implementation progress should be checked timely. Suggest every 2. 5 weeks. Some of tasks have to be done in a month, this mid-point check is critical to handle any delays or changes. There are three aspects to the monitor and control. The first one is budget overhead, the second one is implementation progress and the third one is Supply availability and affordability. If budget overhead is below 5% 4 million, it

9 Simple Tips to Improve Your Job Search

9 Simple Tips to Improve Your Job Search Keeping up with the things you need to do by maintaining a to-do list is a good idea for those who are job searching. It not only helps keep you on track, it reminds you of those things you need to do to make your search for a job a success. Diligence is the key to finding that perfect job.   1. Check for Jobs Each MorningFirst thing each morning, check the job listings. There are other people out there who would like to have the same jobs you apply for, and being among the first to apply can put you in a better position to get just the job you want.  2. Don’t Put Things OffWhen you see a job that interests you, send your resume and cover letter without putting it off. It is surprisingly easy to tell yourself that you will do it later and then forget about it. By the time you get around to applying, possibly days later, the job may be filled.  3. Follow Up on ApplicationsIf you haven’t heard back on job applications you have submitted, it is a good idea to wait a week and follow up. Sometimes, expressing further interest in a job can get you pushed up in the application process. If you receive a definitive no, you can remove that job from your list.  4. Use Technology to Stay OrganizedUtilize technology by using your cell phone or computer to stay organized with your job search. Making up a spreadsheet with dates and the ability to check off tasks when completed ensures that you are following up on schedule. In addition, it is easier to add on other job hunting tasks as they come up.  5. Learn New SkillsLearning something new is always useful. Factor in a few hours a week to take a class, learn a new skill that relates to your dream job or catch up to date. The time spent doing this will be worthwhile as it shows employers that you take your skills seriously.  6. Research Your Job NicheNew jobs pop up in industries that offer you the ability to apply your skills in new areas. Do research in your field to find new positions that you can enter. If taking a few courses helps you fit the job requirements, take night courses or online courses to expand your employability.  7. Work on Personal PaperworkOnce a week, work on one of the documents you use to apply for a job. You can use this time to recheck your resume, cover letter or personal plan to market yourself. See where you can make improvements. Remember to personalize your applications by studying the company where you are applying, and use your assets and strengths to show how you would be a good match for the company team.  8. Customizing Job ApplicationsOne mistake job seekers sometimes make is sending out a general resume for every job application. Aiming your resume toward particular jobs helps because the hiring manager will know right away whether you are a good fit for the job. Instead of just listing your qualifications, also list what you did that was a benefit to the company. Working as a salesperson, for instance, list how you won a company award for the number of sales you made.  9. Do Volunteer WorkVolunteer work looks good on a resume, whether it is coaching a group of children in soccer or volunteering at a local charity. Add this to your to-do list, and make time for it. It not only lets you make new contacts and help others but shows your potential employer that you have outside interests.  Keeping on top of job applications with a job search site can help you find that perfect job more quickly. TheJobNetwork helps by letting you enter your qualifications and does the search for you. Sign up for our job match alert, and searches are done round the clock, sending you job notifications as soon as they pop up. By receiving job alerts that match your qualifications and job interests, you won’t miss any jobs for which you are qualified. In addition, it gives you the ability to search job sites yourself to be proactive.

Case Analysis on Hornell Brewing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Case Analysis on Hornell Brewing - Essay Example Canadian competitors Financial, Market 15. Academe Social, Reputation 6. Native Americans Financial, Legal, Reputation 16. The Local Community Financial, Market Stability 7. Lawyers of Chinese investors Financial, Legal 17. The Global Community Financial, Market Stability 8. Chinese investing public Financial 18. Future Generations Financial, Market Stability, Social 9. Canadian entrepreneurs Financial 19. American competitors Financial, Market Stability, Social 10. American Entrepreneurs Financial 20. Legal, Social a.) Please identify two pairs of stakeholders with opposing interests/stakes and describe briefly how they conflict. The Chinese investors want them to be represented by Chinese nationals as they do business in Canadian and American soil. This, in turn, will have a conflicting interest with Canadian and American representatives because this would mean taking away jobs from them. Also, one aspect of the business is that Chinese investors are looking for start-up businesses that involve natural resources project and take them over. This presents conflict to Canadian and American interests because Chinese are not known to be respectful of the environment when they conduct evident with the disregard of their industrial plants to environment back in China. What makes the issue worrisome is that these Chinese investors are looking for Chinese nationals who might connived with them comparing to Canadian and American representatives who have genuine regard for the Canadian and American environment because it is their environment. b.) Please identify two pairs of stakeholders with shared interests/stakes and describe briefly how they might benefit from coordinating their interests. The Chinese investors and their representatives have a common interest of making money in the projects that they will be involved in. The investors return for their investments and the representatives, stability of employment and there could even be bonuses. Using information from the case, propose recommendations for possible business activities that promote LONG-TERM enrichment for each of the following stakeholders: customers Chinese investors must ensure that they follow all the government regulations about using the natural resources in their projects. News about abuse in the environment can make Canadian and American customers jittery and they are not that tolerant to environment abuse compared to Chinese. shareholders Chinese investors must make sure that their business practices are ethical and legal to make their fellow shareholders feel confident about their business in foreign soil (Canada and America). If the investors get involved in any form of environmental abuse, investors will divert their investors to other business. the natural environment It is highly suggested that Chinese investors be represented by local Canadians and Americans for the general public become more confident about their operations that involve the environment. Also, their operations will have a greater probability that it is in accordance with Canadian and American laws because of the representatives’ familiarity not only with the local law but also on the local perspective on how to treat the environment. Chinese are not known for being sensitive about the environment. the local community Chinese investors must be transparent in their operations to have the confidence of local community. If the local community protests their presence and operation, it would make their business very difficult. It may even

Economic Theories and the Music Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Economic Theories and the Music Industry - Essay Example Musicians have made a living out of selling their music formats and thus the identification of the importance of the industry. However, of contemporary times, the sales of music formats have fallen continuously. It is the fear of many that there will lack and industry in this sector after some years and this can gain attribution to several economic theories. One of the standing economic theories in the identification of this is Market Anomaly. The key aspects of this theory are that there is inefficiency in the sales of a particular product in a given economic sector may depreciate and go against efficient market hypothesis (Fabozzi, 2011, 71). There are two main reasons that lead to market anomaly and they are ranges in two spectrums, the structural factors and the behavioral aspects. Focusing on the structural factors, one of the key components is unfair competition. The music industry is one that has undergone numerous changes over the years and thus the need to keep up with the c hanges. The changes have been caused by the development of Information Technology and thus the necessity to keep up with current trends in the creation of music formats. This necessity has led to different people in the various music sectors to develop a competition culture bases on the goal of most market sales. However, this unfair competition has led to their loss of customers rather than an increase and this is based from the fact that they focus more on the quantity of music produced to outdo each other rather than the quantity (Fabozzi, 2011, 125). The customers do not care about the quantity of music formats produced but rather on the quality. When customers find the quality not appealing to their needs, they decrease their focus on the particular music and spend the money in another manner. Unfair competition also comes up based on other entertainment industries rather than music. A major competitor in entertainment is the movies. The movie industry also started a long time ago and the amount of developments that the sector has witnessed over the past decade goes nothing short of overwhelming. Many movie directors have invented a lot of technology that has drawn more attention to entertainment fans. An example of this is the introduction of 3D films that give the viewer a livelier experience while watching a movie. Upon the introduction of the aspect, the music industry is in a fast search to develop a new concept in terms of music formats that will outdo the theatre developments (Robert, 2012, 153). This form of competition is healthy but of contemporary reports, it has led to various rivalries developing between music producers and movie directors and this has not had a positive impact on music formats. Another factor in the theory that affects the sale of music formats negatively is market transparency. In this case, not many people recognize the various genres of music formats that society is willing to offer due to less publicity made by the respo nsible promoters (Nilsson, 2010, 63). Less promotion by advertisement is one conflict that has hit markets in the 21st century and the credit for this goes to the high amount of inflation that the current global market is facing. The less the promotion made the more anonymous music formats are in society. This is one contribution to the poor music market figures in the 21st century. Moreover, regulatory actions for various music formats by authorities have led to a decrease in the number of sales over the past few years.

Computer Questions Short Answers Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Computer Questions Short Answers - Assignment Example 09- How/why is a branch instruction really a data movement instruction ANS: A branch instruction is not a data movement instruction because branch instruction jump from one instruction to another but don't move data from one instruction to another. 10- How can the speed at which an electrical circuit performs its function be increased ANS: Acircuitis an unbroken loop of conductive material that allows electrons to flow through continuously without beginning or end.Generally as the feature size shrinks, almost everything improves-the cost per unit and the switching power consumption go down, and the speed goes up. 11- What are the advantages of gallium arsenide (as compared to silicon) for the implementation of microprocessors ANS: It has smaller molecular size and thus (in theory) smaller circuits can be fabricated from it. It has both electrical and optical properties. 12- Why does the reliability of magnetic storage media generally decrease as recording density increases ANS: Higher density means less surface area per bit. Less surface area per bit means less mass of coercible material. Less coercible mass means reduced ability to hold a charge high enough to be reliably read and to allow for magnetic leakage, decay, and other destructive factors. 13- What factors contribute to the loss of data stored on tapes ANS: If system crashes leading to incomplete sessions. Hardware problems causing incorrect or incomplete write operations Corrupted media or databases. Due to malicious external agents like viruses and hackers 14- What are the advantages of optical data storage devices as compared to magnetic data storage devices ANS: Optical storage devices are read by... ANS: Optical storage devices are read by a laser beam. Generally they have a more limited storage capacity when compared to magnetic devices. However, one advantage is that they are more hard wearing than magnetic devices. ANS: When you decrease the buffer size you increase the number of "outside loop" operations, and thus you increase the load on the CPU. When you computer gets too busy it may not complete the buffer loop in time to deliver its samples to the mixing bus, which, in turn, has to deliver to the driver/soundcard. The result will be unpleasant cackling noise. ANS: Code 39 (also called Code 3 of 9) is an easy-to-print barcode commonly used for various bar-coding labels such as name badges, inventory and industrial applications. The Universal Product Code was the first bar code to be widely adopted from as early as April 1973 by the US grocery industry for product marking. Code 2 of 5, sometimes called Code 2 from 5 and the interleaved 2 of 5 barcodes can represent the digits 0-9. In use since the late 1960's, it is a popular choice for airline tickets, photo developing envelopes and internal warehouse systems. ANS: Bar code scanners are manufactured to read the

Adaptive Wing Design For A Morphing Mav Biology Essay

Adaptive Wing Design For A Morphing Mav Biology Essay The wing design of a Micro Air Vehicle is to be designed to aid in the assessment of earthquake damage. The MAV is required only to be powered by an electrical motor, limiting flight time and endurance/range, and must be able to fly to the scene quickly and efficiently. Therefore, the analysis of the wing structure is two-fold: 1) having an efficient wing design for cruise (faster) flight and 2) having an effective loiter (slower flight) wing design. The main methodology in ensuring the optimal wing structure would be to design two aerofoils with an actuator which will morph the wing dependant on the different requirements. The software package DESFOIL, on the University of Sheffield intranet, is considered a friendlier user interface for the original XFOIL package created by MIT Professor Mark Drela to aid in the understanding of low speed aerofoil flow solution. However, since XFOIL contains a less than friendly interface, DESFOIL, a MATLAB based software, creates a friendlier user interface, enabling aerofoil analysis to be more easily understood. NACA Aerofoils Since NACA aerofoils will be the predominant choice in attaining the aerofoils for our MAV, this section will concentrate on providing a breakdown on the key aspects of such aerofoils. The 4 digits associated with the NACA aerofoil provide information as to the physical structure of the aerofoil. The four digits are broken up as such The first number offers information about the maximum camber as a percentage of the chord length. The second digit provides information as to the position of this maximum camber as a function of the overall chord length (in tens of units) The final two digits provide information on the maximum thickness of the aerofoil as a percentage of the overall chord length, as a percentage. Thus, it can easily be seen that the chord length is pivotal in determining the correct NACA aerofoils. Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre Other important aerofoil characteristics are the centre of pressure and aerodynamic centre. If we consider them individually, we can attain a clearer picture of their importance. Starting with the centre of pressure, it is known that the positioning of this point changes with lift, namely it moves towards the leading edge as lift increases. However, using this same theory, it can be understood that this centre of pressure can move outside of the aerofoil geometry. More specifically, at low levels of lift generation, the pressure centre can be behind the aerofoil. Such a parameter is important to understand since it allows for trimming of the potential aircraft on which the aerofoil will be mounted. The centre of pressure can be calculated using calculus provided a pressure distribution is understood. Since we are dealing with a distribution, the length of the chord becomes increasingly important and it is normal to talk about the pressure as a function of chord length, generally starting with the leading edge. The aerodynamic centre contains a more direct link with the stability of the aircraft/aerofoil. The aerodynamic centre is the point on the aerofoil where the pitching moment of the aerofoil is independant of the angle of incidence. Understanding of this point is crucial due to its large contribution to the balancing and therefore stability of the aerofoil/ aircraft. Since the majority of aerofoils which will be considered within this journal are cambered, it is interesting to note that the aerodynamic centre is approximately situated at a point  ¼ of the chord length. Drag When considering drag, the main thought is of a retarding force to motion in a certain direction. The relationship is simple; the greater the drag (retarding) force, the greater impedance on motion. From an aerofoil design point of view, we wish for such force to be as minimal as possible since a lower retarding force allows faster speeds (longer endurance and/ or range) and more efficient flight. To understand more about drag, we need to understand more about the different components of the force. If we can understand the forces main constituent parts, this may help us lower the drag our aerofoil experiences. The drag force can be broken up into several different components. Some of these are Parasitic drag Lift induced drag As we will later calculate, the lift our aerofoil produces will vary depending upon which flight attitude regime we are in i.e. loiter or cruise, and thus the drag each regime experiences will vary. Since this is important in understanding how the aerofoil will react to regime changes, the lift induced drag will be looked at more closely within this analysis. The concept of parasitic drag is broken into many different parts. Such constituent parts include skin friction and pressure drag. The concept of skin friction comes about due to the interaction of fluid molecules contacting the surface of the aerofoil, bringing local wall shear stresses into consideration. It can thus be seen that the faster the motion of molecules past the aerofoil, the larger wall shear stress. The skin friction coefficient shares an inverse parabolic relationship with the speed of the aircraft The contribution from pressure drag will be considered in terms of flow separation points further into this report. Such drag will take precedence in the analysis of drag within this report since it provides a more rigorous depiction of the drag at different angles of attack and different DESFOIL accuracy parameters (panel number). Since DESFOIL offers only this type of drag, it will be assumed that this pressure drag is the overall coefficient of drag, when discussing analysis of graphical data. This is a reasonable assumption since the drag values and pressure distributions compliment each other. Furthermore, since we will later consider the 3D effects of the aerofoil, it is important to note that there will be different drag factors which will increase the amount of drag experienced by the aerofoil. A major form of drag which the aerofoil will experience while in flight is the vortex drag, more specifically the drag due to the mismatch of pressure along the upper and lower surfaces of the aerofoil. More specifically, this drag arises due to an overspill of high pressure on the lower surface of the aerofoil to the upper surface, which is abundant in low pressure areas. Thus as the aerofoil moves through the fluid, in our case air, this overspill will manifest itself into tip vortex, increasing the drag experience by the aerofoil. Thus, although only drag will be termed in this journal, there may be separate underlying factors involved. 3D and 2D Calculations Although DESFOIL is only applicable to 2D aerofoils, adjustments can be made such that the results from DESFOIL can be used within 3D situations. Since we are designing an actual aerofoil, such considerations need to be taken into account, and are during the later parts of this journal. The importance of using such a program lays in its simulation of the aerodynamics the aerofoil experiences. Therefore, using such a program allows the possibility to determine what coefficient of lift (or, 2D and 3D analysis respectively) and coefficients of drag, subscriptd, or D accordingly, are needed for optimal flight. As we will determine in this report, optimal coefficients will be calculated and a wing structure designed accordingly. Design Brief The following reading is an analysis of the software package DESFOIL on the suitability of difference NACA 4 digit aerofoils on an MAV of certain design specifications. These include Cruise Speed, = 15 Loiter Speed, = 8 Wing Area, S = 0.13 We will assume a rectangular planform for our aerofoil. Furthermore, we will assume the aerofoil as the main form of lift, i.e. neglecting fuselage, tail plane or rudder lift generation Wing Characteristic/ Structure Lift is defined as the aerodynamic force that a surface produces in the presence of a perpendicular velocity vector. Since lift is defined as a force, , we can assume that lift is some function of the density of the medium it is produced within, , the size of the object producing such a force, , and the before mentioned velocity, Therefore, (1) Where x, y and z are unknown parameters defining the relationship outlined in the equation. Through dimensional analysis we can deduce the values of such unknowns. (2) (3) In terms of lift forces, the constant of proportionality is termed the coefficient of lift, deriving the lift equation (4) It is also possible to consider a more rigorous analysis of the coefficient of lift taking into account symmetrical and cambered aerofoils, which yield and respectively. However, such equations only apply to thin aerofoils and since the thicknesses of the aerofoils are unknown in this assignment, the generic formulae will be used. Similarly, derivation of the drag forces can yield an equivalent drag version of equation (4). (5) To deduce our optimal lift coefficient, we will assume the lift generated will equal the weight of the aircraft, a reasonable assumption when considering straight and level (cruise) flight and the loiter regime. Therefore, the lift coefficients can be calculated for the respective flight conditions (6) Equation (6) yields a cruise coefficient of lift of 0.285, while similar analysis for loiter conditions yields a lift coefficient, of 1. Since we are initially more concerned with the wing aerodynamics with respect to wing structure (aspect ratio), we will consider the induced drag, , whereby, (7) Where e is the Oswald efficiency of the aerofoil, a correctional factor added since the wing shape differs from the elliptical wing used for the derivation, and A is the aspect ratio, calculated by the length to width ratio. To select the best aspect ratio for our aerofoil, the induced drag variation with aspect ratio changes is shown in Figure 1. It can easily been seen from Figure 1 that an aspect ratio of 5 would be acceptable since there is negligible variation in terms of the two dimensionless concepts. However, if we consider this in terms of the actual MAV, an aspect ratio of 5 would yield a span of 0.8m and a chord length of 0.16m. Evidently, while this is the longest and thinnest allowed in this particular investigation, possible structural problems may occur. However, if we consider the capabilities of the aircraft, there are advantages too. As Figure 1 has shown the induced drag in flight would be decreased, enabling better endurance and longer range. The structural instability could be overcome by careful selection of materials and designing of the structure. Thus, although problems may arise from such an aspect ratio, these problems can be overcome and do have their own advantages. Such data allows calculation of cruise and loiter Reynolds number and Mach number to be calculated. Figure 1: Induced Drag and Aspect Ratio relationship (8) (9) Similarly, and. Panel Number Since DESFOIL is the primary tool in determining which aerofoil will be used and its aerodynamic characteristics known, it would be wise to research the capabilities of the software and which system (panel number) to use to ensure the results obtained are of relevant accuracy. Another important aspect of using DESFOIL is the time taken for results to be determined. This will be analysed next. If we consider the effects of panel number on the lift, drag and pressure distribution respectively, we can clearly see a relationship shown in Figures 2, 3 and 4. Considering an angle of incidence of 10 degrees, it is evident to see that the most accurate results come about with the higher panel numbers. Since the maximum panel number within DESFOIL is 280, it would seem this would be the optimal choice. However, upon closer analysis, it is the time taken for such accurate results to come back from the software, which is of greater importance. For example, a panel number of 280 will provide the most accurate answer, but also take the longest to deduce. Therefore, if we consider the (negligible) variation of values, we can deduce that a panel number of 180 is significantly lower, thus, allowing quicker results, but still retains a high level of accuracy. For example, for the lift coefficient, 180 yields 1.0012, while 280 yields 1.0028. Thus the accuracy difference is negligible. Figure 2: Variation of Lift with different panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil Figure 3: Variation of Drag with panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil When analysing the pressure distribution, fewer panel numbers were considered, since the graphical representation would have become severely hard to differentiate between the different graphs. On the other hand, the before mentioned negligible differences is perhaps clearer in Figure 4. With the panel number at 280, the pressure distribution is most smooth, allowing finer details to be seen, which would otherwise be lost in lower panel numbers. Thus, a panel number of 180, the lowest without losing significant accuracy, is optimal. Figure 4: Variation of Pressure Distribution with panel number on NACA0012 aerofoil Reynolds/ Mach number So far, we have considered only the cruise aspect of the MAV. Since the aircraft will experience loitering stages also, analysis must be considered into different Reynolds and Mach numbers. Both of these are necessary in understanding the aerodynamics of the aerofoil since they both alter the way in which the aerofoil will react to airflow. For example, consideration of transition points, the onset of turbulent flow, boundary layer thickness and laminar flow needs to be understood to optimise the aerofoil design. Therefore, changes in the behaviour of the aerofoil/ airflow must be modelled and simulated within DESFOIL. For further understanding of such phenomenon, XFOIL will be used to pictorially show the effects of Reynolds number and Mach number on boundary layer, amongst other sets of information. More specifically, larger Reynolds and Mach numbers will be taken into consideration to visualise compressibility effects. To observe such results, i.e. how changes in density with regards to the pressure distribution, comparisons will be made to show how the compressibility effects (large Reynolds/ Mach number values) alter the characteristics/ performance of the aerofoil. An angle of attack of 10 degrees was considered when undertaking the computations in all examples. Incompressibility/ Compressibility Effects Figures 5 and 6 visually show the variation of the boundary layer with a high Reynolds and Mach number. If we consider Figure 5, we can see the specific values of coefficients of lift, drag and pitching moment at the angle of attack mentioned before. Another helpful mode shown within Figure 5 is the description of the change in boundary layer over the length of the chord of the aerofoil. This pictoral view shows the general formation of turbulent flow from laminar flow. As will be seen later in the report, there is a relationship between the boundary layer thickness and the Reynolds number. This relationship is important to note since a thinner laminar boundary layer ensure lower drag. Again, this concept will be further investigated later. Figure 5: XFOIL graph showing pressure distribution along aerofoil Figure 6: XFOIL graph showing variation of other aerofoil characteristics Reynolds Number Mach Number Cl Cd lift/drag 1000000 0.4 1.083 0.01965 55.13 169412 0.04 1.0266 0.03469 29.59 90353 0.024 0.9415 0.05289 17.8 Figure 7: How lift and drag vary with different Reynolds and Mach numbers From Figure 7, we can see the direct impact the differing Reynolds numbers and Mach numbers have on the generation of lift and drag. Quite clearly, as the Reynolds/ Mach number decreases, so does the coefficient of lift, and thus lift generated. Also of significant importance is the increase in drag with decreasing Reynolds/Mach number. Due to these variations, the lift to drag ratio also decreases. However, it is important to note that the results are non-linear. This non-linearity can be explained from the transition from incompressible flow to flow whose density changes with respect to the pressure distribution. Thus, such characteristics cannot be extrapolated or calculated; they must be experimentally defined, or computationally simulated, since consideration of compressibility effects adds complexity to calculations. Boundary Layer Analysis Although there is little difference between the values of lift coefficients (in the first two examples), there seems to be a drastic difference between the lift: drag ratios. Since the coefficients of lift are similar, varying by less than a magnitude of value, the only possible change must come from the drag experienced on the aerofoil. Experimental data, treating the aerofoil as a flat plate, shows that as the Reynolds number increases, the boundary layer thickness decreases, shown in Equation (10). (10) Thus, a decrease in the Reynolds number causes a larger boundary layer around the aerofoil, which in turn causes a greater disturbance to the free stream air. Since the boundary layer cannot handle a large adverse pressure gradient without separation, the higher values of Reynolds number cause separation earlier, even though they have thinner, boundary layers. This is due to greater adverse pressure gradients which are responsible for the larger values of lift coefficients attained. The separated flow causes larger amounts of drag, which is obviously undesirable, since the flow is no longer uniform along the chord. Once the pressure gradient exceeds a critical point, the boundary layer will separate from the aerofoil, therefore reducing the magnitude of the pressure gradient, reducing lift generation. Therefore, the lift: drag ratio decreases as drag will increase upon separation. The drag experienced at higher Reynolds numbers is still considerably smaller than the drag experienced at lower Reynolds numbers due to the thickness of the boundary layer. Although separation of the flow is a factor with regards to drag, the boundary layer thickness, as seen in Figure (7) using Equation (10), is a larger factor. Since this separation point (transition from laminar to turbulent flow) is an area of interest with regards to the amount of drag experienced by the aerofoil, Figure 8 shows the movement of such a point with regards to the Reynolds number. The black lines only show the separation points on the upper surface of the aerofoil since this is the surface of most interest. Figure 8: Transition point. 1) Re=1000000, M=0.4 2) Re=169412, M=0.04 3) Re=90353, M=0.024 At this point it is important to note that the DESFOIL parameters were changed to ensure a completely accurate result from the simulation. To ensure the accuracy was maximised, the transition detection was 100% the length of the chord, and not simply the default 20%. This allowed DESFOIL to look throughout the whole length of the chord for the transition/ separation point as opposed to the default 20%. As we can see, for the same angle of attack, the higher Reynolds/ Mach numbers cause the separation point to be significantly closer to the leading edge. Similar XFOIL graphs were constructed as that in Figure 6 for the other Reynolds/ Mach numbers. From Figure 6, we can see that at an angle of attack of 0 degrees, there is a separation point at 0.637, i.e. 63.7% away from the leading edge as a function of the chord length. When the Reynolds number is 169412, this separation point is 91% as a function of the chord length, while the loiter Reynolds number remains laminar at 0 degrees angle of attack. Geometries If we consider other three dimensional geometries with respect to the drag each produces, we can understand why an aerofoil is an optimal shape in terms of reducing drag. Figure 9: Drag values for various 3D geometries If we consider streamlining any given shape, we can possibly reduce the amount of drag experienced, as shown in Figure 9, by an order of magnitude. For example, if we consider the sphere, hemisphere and teardrop shapes, although all have the same frontal geometry, it is the streamlining of the teardrop which contributes most to a significant reduce in drag, due to the prolonged attachment of the airflow. Since the airflow after the sphere/hemisphere is suddenly separated (due to the non gradual geometry behind the shape), there is a significant amount of drag experienced. This is why Figure 5 depicts such a prolonged attachment of the airflow, only becoming separated towards the trailing edge of aerofoil. To further reinforce the advantageous effects of streamlining, Figure 10 shows the geometrical differences which can be obtained with intelligent streamlining. Figure 10: Two different geometries with the same aerodynamic drag force Lower Aerofoil Surface Another important feature found from graphs similar to Figure 5 highlights the relationship between the angle of attack, Reynolds/ Mach number and flow over the lower wing section. It was found that at lower Reynolds numbers, the flow is relatively laminar across the length of the chord length. This makes sense at high angles of attack since the underside of the aerofoil has a larger wetted area. Possible further investigation and research may lie in determining the flow over the lower surface of the aerofoil in negative angles of attack. Perhaps such an investigation will help understand the landing/ descending section of a flight path. It may be interesting to learn whether separation points play such a major role on the lower surface as they do on the upper surface, in terms of lift and drag. Such understanding can provide insight into painting a complete picture of the airflow surrounding a wing. Furthermore, since a NACA0012 aerofoil was considered giving all the results mentioned previously, changes in airflow with varying NACA aerofoils could help determine a more complex relationship. For example, as thickness, camber and camber position change, how does the transition point vary on the underside of the aerofoil? Such variations are made within the next section with regards to the overall lift and drag. However pressure variations could be conducted in a similar fashion. Designing using DESFOIL Since DESFOIL allows the user to design, test and evaluate their own chosen design (one of the many reasons it was chosen for undertaking of this particular investigation), it is important to understand how the different parameters affect the aerofoil characteristics. From this, we can deduce what the optimal aerofoil for our application could be. Furthermore, it allows for reinforcement of aerodynamic theory into the reaction of airflow over changing geometries of aerofoils. This could be seen as a measurement of DESFOILs accuracy in its simulations. If its simulation results were to vary from known aerodynamics, then the softwares validity would be questionable. Throughout the analysis, therefore, the aerodynamic theory will be called upon to explain the results given from DESFOIL. Since the software allows for three different design features, it was deemed necessary, to gain a full understanding, to adjust and examine one parameter at a time and comment on the results obtained. Since different values of lift were optimal for the different stages within our flight path, both the cruise and loiter conditions were looked at. From the template aerofoil NACA0012, the thickness was the first parameter to be changed. Figures 11 and 12 below graphically shows the variation in lift and drag over the four different aerofoil thicknesss chosen. Cruise Conditions Figure 11: Lift variation with different NACA aerofoils thicknesses Figure 12: Drag variation with varying thicknesses Firstly, the cruise conditions will be investigated. As we can see from the figures above, the thickness of the aerofoil plays an important role in determining such characteristics as stall angle and maximum coefficient of lift. If we consider both graphs simultaneously, we can deduce the thicker the aerofoil, the greater the values of lift can be obtained. This is shown with the increase in coefficient of lift values from 12% thickness to 15-21% thickness. This is down to the curvature of the aerofoil being the main form of lift generation, i.e. the more curved (thicker in this instance since camber position is constant) the aerofoil, the larger amounts of lift generated, within limits. Also, nose shape effects help the generation of high lift coefficients. Furthermore, it is important to note that the thinner aerofoil has also stalled significantly harder than the thicker aerofoils. Since stalling is undesirable, perhaps thicker aerofoils would be best for use in the chosen aerofoil. Concentrating on the graphs from a drag point of few, we can again see that thinner aerofoils are undesirable due to the drag they produce/ experience. The sharp rise in drag experienced by the thinner NACA0012 aerofoil is complimentary of the stall it experienced at an angle of attack of 13. Furthermore, it is important to note that there are slight variations in the small angle of attack region with respect to lift and negligible difference in the corresponding drag section. Since a definitive relationship was deduced from the thickness investigation, it was reasonable to continue the designing experiments. Next, the camber thickness was investigated. Figure 13: Lift variation with angle of attack with different camber thicknesses Figure 14: Drag variation with angle of attack with different camber thicknesses From the above figures, certain relationships can be deduced between the camber thickness and the effect such parameters have on the lift and drag experienced on the aerofoil. Firstly, lets consider the adverse effects on the lift and drag, shown here by the NACA-2012, whereby the -2 denotes a negative camber. From Figure 13, we can see a significantly lower lift attained flight with an earlier stall, which compliments Figure 14, whereby the drag significantly increases due to the separated flow resulting from the stall. For the other three aerofoils shown, the aerodynamic drag force experienced by each has negligible difference, since all follow the same shape. The differences can more obviously be seen through analysis of Figure 13. Here, we can see the larger the camber, the greater values of lift can be obtained. However, it is important to note that only the NACA4012 aerofoil does not experience a stall. On the other hand, the other two positive aerofoils, while although experiencing a stall, do not stall extremely harshly, and so a stall of this kind, while although not optimal, can be considered negligible in terms of lift generated. The camber position was investigated next Figure 15: Lift variation with angle of attack under different camber positions Figure 16: Drag variation with angle of attack under different camber positions As we can see from the above two figures, the effect of camber position is not as drastic as the other previous analysed parameters. From Figure 15, we can see the highest lift is attained by the NACA4212 aerofoil, although all the aerofoils have the same similar low angle of attack lift generation. It is only towards angles of attack greater than 7 where there is greatest deviation. On the other hand, it can also be seen that the NACA4212 aerofoil, while giving the highest lift value, also stalls. As mentioned before, this is undesirable. From a drag perspective, the NACA4212 aerofoil performs best towards larger angles of attack however performs worst at low angles of attack. Depending on where the greatest emphasis needs to be placed upon the cruise aerofoil conditions, this may be an important factor. Chosen Cruise Aerofoil Since we have analysed the effects of the three different parameters within DESFOIL, we can now evaluate what lift and drag characteristics we want from our chosen aerofoil. Since the actual aerofoil will be 3D, we need to take into consideration 3D effects. For this instance, we are going to assume the 3D coefficient of lift is 90% of the 2D coefficient of lift, namely, (11) One reason there is a decrease in the change from two dimensional to three dimensional bodies is the appearance of an extra plane, i.e. the z plane. Thus, the lift generation needs to distribute the lift over three planes instead of two. Thus resulting in less lift overall. Therefore, we can calculate a coefficient of lift of 0.3167 to be found using DESFOIL. Taking what was found from the above investigation, various NACA aerofoils were tested. The final aerofoil chosen was the NACA2615 aerofoil for reasons clearly shown using Figure 17. Figure 17: NACA2615 aerofoil characteristics From this figure, we can see the optimal design characteristics we want from our cruise aerofoil. These characteristics include a significantly low drag, as compared to the lift generated, which can be seen as a direct result of no stall being present. Furthermore, if we consider the lift we wanted to generate, namely 0.3167, we can see this aerofoil manages to attain such lift at a low angle of attack, something we want from our aerofoil since the quicker the optimal lift can be generated, the quicker the aerofoil will start behaving to optimise its performance. Since this optimal lift is generated at an angle between 1 and 2, the lift: drag ratio was calculated for these two angles. They are 17 and 39 respectively. These high values show the positive performance of our aerofoil in the cruise condition. Loiter Condition As we can see from the previous section, a detailed investigation and analysis was undertaken to establish the best NACA aerofoil for our cruise purposes. If we now go on to consider the loiter condition, there are certain parameters which need to be considered, namely the 2D lift we wish to aim for, at the lowest angle of attack, to find the optimal aerofoil. As shown in the previous section, the thickness, camber and camber position were all varied individually and the resulting effect on the lift and drag analysed. Using Equation 11, we can calculate the required lift (needed to be found in DESFOIL) as 1.11. Firstly, the thickness was adjusted. It was found, just like the cruise condition investigation that an increase in thickness resulted in higher levels of lift being attained. However it was also found that the aerofoils under loiter conditions tend to stall, regardless of thickness. However, the greater the thickness the higher angle of stall. Since all aerofoils tested stalled, the drag associated with each was indicative of this phenomenon. It is also important to note that the aerofoils tested were the NACA0010, NACA0012, NACA0018 and NACA0021. Considering the position of maximum camber next, it was found that the NACA4212 aerofoil stalled significantly earlier than the NACA4012, NA